Purpose of this research is to analyze the policy-making process for Early Childhood Education Law based on the factors that influence decision-making process for educational policy. Towards this end, Campbell''s policy decision-making model is used a...
Purpose of this research is to analyze the policy-making process for Early Childhood Education Law based on the factors that influence decision-making process for educational policy. Towards this end, Campbell''s policy decision-making model is used as analytical framework to analyze enactment process for Early Childhood Education Law. To examine policy decision-making process, related data and literature are analyzed, and interview was conducted with the personnel at the interest groups who participated in policy decision-making process. This research covers from June 1997, when Early Childhood Education Law was first proposed, to January 2004 when Early Childhood Education Law was enacted.
The results of the study are as follows:
First, the political, economic and social factors played a role in the process of accelerating decision-making on educational policy. Due to this type of environmental influences, early childhood education related issues are raised even for the Korea''s educational policy for infants, and thus it was necessary to establish public education system that structurally manages and supports on a national level to solve these issues. Moreover, a separate Early Childhood Education Law was necessary. Moreover, OECD countries already have public education policy set for early childhood education, and the trend is such that policy is decided based on strict compliance of education and protective services.
Second, enactment of Early Childhood Education Law was first raised by the Presidential Committee for Education Reform, but laid before the legislators due to the legislation effort made by the members of the National Assembly. During this process, clout of the parties to policy decision-making exerted significant influence, and the political situation of the time was factored in. Moreover, demands and forms of support took place in a diverse and active manner through all types of research reports and announcement of the academic circle''s opinion and so forth.
Third, it was possible to identify conflict and compromise between interest groups during enactment process for Early Childhood Education Law. In particular, roles and movement of participants related to enactment of Early Childhood Education Law significantly influenced enactment of Early Childhood Education Law when it comes to the dispute among each government organization and interest groups during hearings and policy decision-making process.
Fourth, although Early Childhood Education Law was enacted at the end after experiencing two time abandonment and upstream battle during seven years, Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, which should have played the main role failed to play a significant role with firm conviction and did not manifest consistent attitude while pursuing policy.
Fifth, the National Assembly and political parties took on lukewarm attitude, and Early Childhood Education Law was adrift for a long time while the politicians were trying to scrape up votes during the general and presidential elections. This shows that political interests and logic come into play during the process of deciding educational policy.
Sixth, the policy was resulted from the compromise among government organizations and groups, rather than from the opinion of the citizens. Early Childhood Education Law and infant nurturing laws were agreed to approve at the same time, and the compromise was based on adjustment of legal clauses in a way that they are favorable to the interests of different parties.
Seventh, although most of the citizens are in fact interest parties, the needs of the infants and their parents who are the de facto beneficiaries were neglected. Instead, clout of the organizations exerted powerful influence while nursery schools and kindergartens were embroiled in struggles. While the political community raised the hands of both sides, catering to their specific needs, at the end, burden on the parents of the infants increased in the longer run.
Eighth, Early Childhood Education Law was enacted while issues that could potentially cause conflict later on were neglected such as leaving it up to the enforcement ordinance to set target of infant education and method. Accordingly, there were frequent confrontations between interest groups on the enforcement ordinance even after the enactment.
As examined above, incessant interaction with the environment of policy making and influence of interest parties take place during the whole process of educational policy-making, and it is more of political process where conflict and compromise are exist. Moreover, the process itself is very complex and the interests of many groups are entangled.
If and when law is passed, while pushing back all the issues that could potentially become problematic, amendment of the related law is inevitable since problems rise during the enforcement process. Accordingly, participants of policy-making process should build trust among government organizations and interest groups, and decide a policy based on sufficient amount of adjustments and by factoring in the position of the infants and their parents first.