Purpose : Lymphedema following breast cancer treatment, particularly axillary lymph node dissection, negatively affects quality of life by causing arm swelling, pain, limited range of motion, and chronic fatigue. Conventional complex decongestive ther...
Purpose : Lymphedema following breast cancer treatment, particularly axillary lymph node dissection, negatively affects quality of life by causing arm swelling, pain, limited range of motion, and chronic fatigue. Conventional complex decongestive therapy (CDT) primarily relies on passive approaches, which may limit its effectiveness in reducing lymphedema. Recent studies suggest that breathing-based interventions, such as diaphragmatic breathing and pulmonary segmental breathing, can enhance lymphatic circulation and reduce edema by increasing lung capacity, restoring thoracic mobility, and strengthening respiratory muscles. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between respiratory function enhancement and lymphedema reduction by applying diaphragmatic breathing and pulmonary segmental exercises in patients with breast cancer–related lymphedema, and to provide foundational data for the development of an active and scientifically based breathing intervention program.
Methods : Fourteen female patients diagnosed with lymphedema following breast cancer surgery and hospitalized at a university hospital in Busan were recruited for this study. Participants aged 30–70 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 9) or a control group (n = 5). All participants had been diagnosed with lymphedema for at least three months and were able to perform activities of daily living independently. Patients with cardiopulmonary, neurological, or musculoskeletal disorders, prior experience with breathing exercises, or communication difficulties were excluded. Prior to participation, all subjects received a detailed explanation of the study purpose, procedures, and potential risks, and provided written informed consent.
Before the intervention, measurements of rib cage movement, diaphragmatic excursion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), slow vital capacity (SVC), and arm circumference of the affected limb were obtained. The experimental group performed pulmonary segmental exercises combined with diaphragmatic breathing training, while the control group received no breathing intervention. After the intervention period, all variables were reassessed using the same procedures.
The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare general characteristics and baseline variables between groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze pre- and post-intervention changes within each group. Differences in change scores between groups were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test.
Result : The effects of diaphragmatic breathing and pulmonary segmental exercises on rib cage movement, diaphragmatic excursion, respiratory muscle strength, slow vital capacity, and arm lymphedema were as follows. In the experimental group, rib cage movement in both mediolateral and anteroposterior directions significantly increased during quiet breathing (p < 0.05) and deep breathing (p < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Diaphragmatic excursion in the experimental group significantly increased during both quiet breathing (p < 0.05) and deep breathing (p < 0.05). In contrast, the control group showed a slight decrease during quiet breathing and a slight increase during deep breathing, with no statistically significant differences.
Regarding respiratory muscle strength, MIP in the experimental group significantly increased after the intervention (p < 0.05), while MEP increased without statistical significance. No significant changes in MIP or MEP were observed in the control group. For slow vital capacity, the experimental group showed increases in tidal volume (TV), inspiratory capacity (IC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and vital capacity (VC), with a significant increase observed only in TV (p < 0.05). Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) decreased but was not statistically significant. In the control group, TV, IRV, IC, and VC decreased, while ERV slightly increased, with no statistically significant differences.
Arm circumference measurements indicated that the experimental group showed a decreasing trend at the 6cm and 12cm measurement points without statistical significance, while significant reductions were observed at the 21 cm (p < 0.05) and 33 cm (p < 0.05) points. The control group showed a decreasing trend at all measurement points (6cm, 12cm, 21cm, and 33cm), but none reached statistical significance.
Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrate that diaphragmatic breathing combined with pulmonary segmental exercises effectively improves rib cage movement, diaphragmatic excursion, and inspiratory muscle strength, increases tidal volume, and reduces arm lymphedema circumference at the 21 cm and 33 cm measurement points. These findings suggest that breathing interventions incorporating diaphragmatic breathing should be included to alleviate arm lymphedema in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, continuous education and practice of diaphragmatic breathing in daily life are considered essential for effective lymphedema management.