It is widely accepted that lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a suitable candidate for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their excellent electrochemical performance, which is related to their long cycling life and high energy density. Recently, as the amou...
It is widely accepted that lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a suitable candidate for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their excellent electrochemical performance, which is related to their long cycling life and high energy density. Recently, as the amount of spent LIBs has increased dramatically due to the explosive growth of the EV market, the importance of recycling spent LIBs is also increasing. One of the typical processes for recycling spent LIBs is hydrometallurgy, which dissolves substances inside the batteries using acid to obtain leachate. Various impurities such as Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, and Ca are incorporated into the obtained leachate. Inspired by the fact that these impurities could affect electrochemical performance by being incorporated into regenerated LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), the effects of Fe, Al, and Zn in the cathode active materials are confirmed in this study. The effects of major impurities (>50 ppm in the leachate) of Fe/Al and minor impurity (≤ 50 ppm in the leachate) of Zn are confirmed by synthesizing NCM in simulated leachate where the impurity content is controlled according to the actual leachate obtained in the industry. In the case of Zn-doped NCM, the effect on the substitution of Zn for Co is further investigated. This work not only elucidates the positive doping effect of impurities such as Fe, Al, and Zn in the regenerated cathode active materials but also further provides a practical approach to designing a Co-free Ni-rich cathode for higher energy density.