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      행정형벌의 특수성 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      Currently most legislative acts in the field of administrative law contain as a means of sanctions administrative penalties that are criminal penalties. This is evident from statistics regarding cases investigated by the Prosecutor's office. They reveal that administrative penalties were applied more often than general criminal penalties. Criminologists claim that administrative penalties are nothing more than a special type of criminal penalties and therefore belong to the field of criminal law rather than a separate field of its own. The present thesis studies the question of whether administrative and criminal penalties may indeed be differentiated, whether it is possible to talk of legal traits unique to administrative penalties, and what issues arise in applying administrative penealties and how they may be resolved.
      General theory on administrative penalties was born based on Goldschmidt's theory. Discourse in Germany revolved around two concepts, penalties applied by administrative authorities and penalties for the violation of administrative law. In contrast to Germany, in Korea as well as in Japan the focus is not on who applied such penalties but on the legal nature of the norms violated or what norm the violated element could be attributed to.
      Denying the distinction between administrative and criminal penalties is due to a misunderstanding of the German doctrine. Supporters of this position claim that since administrative penalties are applied as a means of sanctions the principle of "Nulla poena sine lege" holds, therefore the only difference lies in the gravity of the crime. Thus administrative penalties belong to a special type of criminal law. However there are numerous factors that support the relative differentiation of administrative and criminal penalties: administrative penalties have been adapted to the Korean legal environment; administrative penealties are not only sanctions against the violation of duties but they indirectly achieve the administrative function of guaranteeing the performance of duties; administrative crimes are not natural crimes since their antisocial nature is recognized only as a result of concious legislation for the realization of specific administrative purposes. Some may argue that such relativeness suggests that there are no clear-cut criteria for differentiation between the two. However such relativeness lies not in the criteria themselves but in that the border line between administrative and criminal penalties may change with time. Therefore administrative penalties may turn into natural penalties and vice versa. The criteria for distinguishing whether the antimoral, antisocial nature of a crime is dependent on the general public's consciousness of injustice or is attained only through legislation can indeed be clearly discerned.
      The uniqueness of administrative penalties is another factor that plays in favor of distingushing them from criminal penalties. With regard to administrative penalties punishment norms are stipulated only after behavioural norms are specifically laid down by the administrative authorities. Moreover certain issues concerning penalties against the employer and employee or the punishment of legal persons are specific to administrative penalties. Although the principle of "Nulla poena sine lege" is applied, since administrative penalties are penalties in criminal law, negligence, intent and consciousness of illegality should be interpreted taking into account their distinct nature. Moreover not seldom general principles of criminal law are explicitly excluded, and statutory notification is required in imposing penalties.
      A few of the main reasons why administrative penalties are criticized for lacking distinct legal traits are the indiscreet legislation of administrative penalties without the serious consideration of administrative purposes, the complex nature of the sanctions process and uncertainty concerning the elements of administrative crimes, the disproportion between administrative and other penalties including criminal penalties, the excessive legislation of administrative penalties. Such problems should be addressed as a result of simplifying the sanctions process by revising overlapping norms, and bringing into line the severity of various penalties. Decriminalization of certain administrative penalties by turning them into administrative orders can also contribute positively to resolving the problem. Finally it would be well-advised to provide for unified general principles for the regulation of administrative penalties.
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      Currently most legislative acts in the field of administrative law contain as a means of sanctions administrative penalties that are criminal penalties. This is evident from statistics regarding cases investigated by the Prosecutor's office. They reve...

      Currently most legislative acts in the field of administrative law contain as a means of sanctions administrative penalties that are criminal penalties. This is evident from statistics regarding cases investigated by the Prosecutor's office. They reveal that administrative penalties were applied more often than general criminal penalties. Criminologists claim that administrative penalties are nothing more than a special type of criminal penalties and therefore belong to the field of criminal law rather than a separate field of its own. The present thesis studies the question of whether administrative and criminal penalties may indeed be differentiated, whether it is possible to talk of legal traits unique to administrative penalties, and what issues arise in applying administrative penealties and how they may be resolved.
      General theory on administrative penalties was born based on Goldschmidt's theory. Discourse in Germany revolved around two concepts, penalties applied by administrative authorities and penalties for the violation of administrative law. In contrast to Germany, in Korea as well as in Japan the focus is not on who applied such penalties but on the legal nature of the norms violated or what norm the violated element could be attributed to.
      Denying the distinction between administrative and criminal penalties is due to a misunderstanding of the German doctrine. Supporters of this position claim that since administrative penalties are applied as a means of sanctions the principle of "Nulla poena sine lege" holds, therefore the only difference lies in the gravity of the crime. Thus administrative penalties belong to a special type of criminal law. However there are numerous factors that support the relative differentiation of administrative and criminal penalties: administrative penalties have been adapted to the Korean legal environment; administrative penealties are not only sanctions against the violation of duties but they indirectly achieve the administrative function of guaranteeing the performance of duties; administrative crimes are not natural crimes since their antisocial nature is recognized only as a result of concious legislation for the realization of specific administrative purposes. Some may argue that such relativeness suggests that there are no clear-cut criteria for differentiation between the two. However such relativeness lies not in the criteria themselves but in that the border line between administrative and criminal penalties may change with time. Therefore administrative penalties may turn into natural penalties and vice versa. The criteria for distinguishing whether the antimoral, antisocial nature of a crime is dependent on the general public's consciousness of injustice or is attained only through legislation can indeed be clearly discerned.
      The uniqueness of administrative penalties is another factor that plays in favor of distingushing them from criminal penalties. With regard to administrative penalties punishment norms are stipulated only after behavioural norms are specifically laid down by the administrative authorities. Moreover certain issues concerning penalties against the employer and employee or the punishment of legal persons are specific to administrative penalties. Although the principle of "Nulla poena sine lege" is applied, since administrative penalties are penalties in criminal law, negligence, intent and consciousness of illegality should be interpreted taking into account their distinct nature. Moreover not seldom general principles of criminal law are explicitly excluded, and statutory notification is required in imposing penalties.
      A few of the main reasons why administrative penalties are criticized for lacking distinct legal traits are the indiscreet legislation of administrative penalties without the serious consideration of administrative purposes, the complex nature of the sanctions process and uncertainty concerning the elements of administrative crimes, the disproportion between administrative and other penalties including criminal penalties, the excessive legislation of administrative penalties. Such problems should be addressed as a result of simplifying the sanctions process by revising overlapping norms, and bringing into line the severity of various penalties. Decriminalization of certain administrative penalties by turning them into administrative orders can also contribute positively to resolving the problem. Finally it would be well-advised to provide for unified general principles for the regulation of administrative penalties.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 제1장 서론 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
      • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 3
      • 제2장 행정형벌론의 유래와 발전 5
      • 제1절 행정의 실효성 확보수단으로서의 행정형벌 5
      • 제1장 서론 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 1
      • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 3
      • 제2장 행정형벌론의 유래와 발전 5
      • 제1절 행정의 실효성 확보수단으로서의 행정형벌 5
      • 제2절 독일의 행정형법론 6
      • I. 19세기 - 행정청의 형벌부과의 필요성 대두 6
      • II. 골드슈미트(Goldschmidt) - 행정불법과 범죄불법의 구별주장 7
      • III. 나치시대 및 나치 붕괴 직후 - 행정형벌 확대 및 제한 8
      • IV. 1949년 경제형법 9
      • V. 1952년 질서위반법 제정 이후 10
      • 제3절 일본의 행정형법론 11
      • I. 일본의 근대법체제의 성립과정 11
      • II. 행정에 의한 형벌부과 11
      • 1. 일본근대법체제 11
      • 2. 일본행정형법론의 발전 12
      • 3. 이후 행정제재법의 발전 13
      • III. 현재 일본행정형법론의 현황 14
      • 1. 행정법학계의 주장 14
      • 2. 형법학계의 주장 15
      • 제4절 한국의 행정형법론 17
      • I. 일본법제의 영향 17
      • II. 현재 한국행정형법론의 현황 18
      • 1. 행정법학계의 주장 18
      • 2. 형법학계의 주장 18
      • 제5절 소결 19
      • 제3장 행정형벌의 형사벌과의 구별 및 특수성 21
      • 제1절 개설 21
      • 제2절 행정형벌과 형사벌의 구별에 관한 검토 21
      • I. 성질상 구별에 관한 견해대립 21
      • 1. 긍정설 21
      • (1) 침해되는 이익을 기준으로 구별하는 견해 21
      • (2) 법익에 대한 공격의 태양을 기준으로 구별하는 견해 24
      • (3) 침해되는 법규의 성질을 기준으로 구별하는 견해 24
      • 1) 절대적 구별설 24
      • 2) 상대적 구별설 26
      • 2. 부정설 27
      • 3. 소결 28
      • II. ‘행정형벌’ 개념의 의의 및 과제 30
      • 1. ‘행정형벌’ 개념의 실천적 의의 30
      • 2. 행정형벌 개념 구별에 따른 향후과제 31
      • (1) 통칙규정의 마련 31
      • (2) 형사법 영역의 연구와의 연계필요성 32
      • 제3절 행정형벌의 특수성 33
      • I. 서설 33
      • II. 행정형벌의 법적 근거 34
      • III. 행정형벌과 형법총칙 35
      • 1. 문제점 35
      • 2. 견해의 대립 36
      • (1) 특별한 규정은 성문의 규정에 한정한다는 견해 36
      • (2) 성문의 규정 뿐만 아니라 조리까지 포함된다는 견해 36
      • 3. 소결 37
      • IV. 행정형벌과 선결문제 38
      • V. 행정형벌에 관한 특별규정 39
      • 1. 문제점 39
      • 2. 고의·과실 39
      • (1) 고의 39
      • (2) 과실 42
      • 1) 문제점 42
      • 2) 견해의 대립 42
      • 3) 대법원의 입장 43
      • 4) 소결 44
      • (3) 양벌규정 45
      • 1) 양벌규정의 의의 45
      • 2) 타인의 행위에 대한 책임 45
      • 3) 법인의 책임 46
      • 3. 위법성의 인식 48
      • (1) 행정범의 경우 위법성의 인식이 필요한지 여부 48
      • (2) 행정범의 특수성 고려의 필요성 49
      • 4. 책임능력 51
      • 5. 경합범의 취급 51
      • 6. 공범 52
      • 7. 작량감경 53
      • VI. 행정형벌과 형사소송법 53
      • 1. 행정형벌의 일반적 과벌절차 54
      • 2. 행정형벌의 특별한 과벌절차 54
      • (1) 통고처분 54
      • 1) 의의 및 기능 54
      • 2) 효력 55
      • 3) 법적 성질 및 처분성 55
      • 4) 문제점 및 행정상 불복절차의 도입 가능성 58
      • (2) 즉결심판 59
      • 1) 의의 59
      • 2) 즉결심판의 절차 및 효력 60
      • 3) 행정형벌의 특별한 절차에 해당하는지 여부 61
      • 제4장 행정형벌의 문제점 및 개선방향 62
      • 제1절 서설 62
      • 제2절 행정형벌의 문제점 63
      • I. 행정형벌 규정의 구조 63
      • 1. 벌칙규정 63
      • 2. 법정형 규정 64
      • II. 행정형벌의 문제점에 관한 논의 65
      • 1. 제재 체계의 복잡성 및 구성요건의 불명확 65
      • 2. 행정질서벌과 행정형벌의 불균형성 67
      • 3. 형법규정과의 법정형 불균형: 중형‧중복규정 68
      • 4. 유사한 위반행위 상호간 법정형의 불균형 71
      • 5. 자유형과 재산형의 불균형 72
      • 6. 행정형벌의 과잉현상 73
      • (1) 행정형벌 과잉현상 73
      • (2) 형벌과잉화의 문제점 75
      • 7. 법인에 대한 형벌에 관한 문제 76
      • III. 행정형벌의 문제점의 발생원인 77
      • 제3절 행정형벌의 개선방안 81
      • I. 제재체계의 단순화 및 중복‧중형규정의 정비 81
      • II. 법정형의 불균형 조정 82
      • 1. 유사법규간 법정형의 통일 82
      • 2. 자유형과 벌금형간의 균형 82
      • III. 행정형벌의 비범죄화: 과태료전환 83
      • 1. 의의 83
      • 2. 각국의 행정형벌의 비범죄화 현황 84
      • (1) 미국의 금전벌 84
      • (2) 독일에서의 행정형벌의 과태료전환 85
      • 3. 행정형벌의 과태료 전환의 기준 86
      • (1) 과태료전환대상행위의 유형 86
      • (2) 과태료전환 대상 선정시 유의점 88
      • 4. 소결 88
      • IV. 통칙규정의 마련 89
      • 1. 통칙규정 마련의 필요성 89
      • 2. 통칙규정 정립의 예 - 질서위반행위규제법의 제정 90
      • (1) 질서위반행위규제법의 도입배경 90
      • (2) 질서위반행위규제법의 내용 91
      • (3) 실효성 제고를 위한 법적 수단 92
      • 3. 소결 94
      • V. 형벌의 완화 94
      • VI. 법인 형벌 체계의 정비 95
      • 제5장 결론 97
      • Abstract 104
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