우리나라 청소년의 비타민· 무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 및 다양한 급원을 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량 조사

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

ABSTRACT


Usage Patterns of Vitamin?QMineral Supplements and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Vitamin and Mineral from Various Sources by Korean Adolescents

Han Ji Hye

Department of Home Economics Education, Graduate School of Kongju National University

(Supervised by Professor Kim Sun Hyo)

In recent years a concern about excessive intakes of vitamins and minerals from various sources has been increasing, since there has been a marked increase in the production and consumption of vitamin․mineral supplements and fortified foods. However effects of vitamin․mineral supplements intake are still controversial. There are many cases of over-lapped intake at once, and recently high unit supplements intake are preferred. So there is an issue about overtaking micronutrient through having indiscretion to take supplements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage behaviors by adolescents in Korea regarding vitamin․mineral supplements and to assess the maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including diet, general drug supplements(GDS), health functional foods(HFF), and fortified foods(FF). Vitamin․mineral supplements are GDS and HFF. One thousand four hundred and seven adolescent boys and girls attending middle or high schools were chosen from various cities and rural communities in Korea. In this study, the factors affecting vitamin․mineral supplements consumption, and usage patterns were examined by a self-administered questionnaire. 'In-depth users of vitamin?Pmineral supplements'(IDU, n=60) were chosen from the above 1,407 students, and they were subjects for the exposure assessment of their daily vitamin․mineral supplements intake. The assessment was accomplished through research their intake of vitamins and minerals from diet, GDS, HFF, and FF. For comparison, 'In-depth non users of vitamin?Pmineral supplements'(IDNU, n=60) who took vitamins and minerals through just diet were also chosen from the above 1,407 students. The intake of vitamins and minerals through diet, GDS, HFF, and FF were determined, and compared with the recommended nutrition intake(RNI) and tolerable upper intake levels(UL) (DRIs for Koreans 2010).

The results showed that vitamin․mineral supplements were taken by 65.5% of subjects. The middle school students and city dwellers took vitamin․mineral supplements more frequently than each corresponding group. The socioeconomic status of the family, and supplements consumption by their parents and siblings influenced the use of supplements by the subjects, respectively.
GDS for vitamins and minerals were taken by 56.1%(n=790) of all subjects. One thousand three hundred and twelve kinds of supplement products in 9 kinds of nutrition were taken, especially vitamin C. Vitamins and minerals from HFF were taken by 41.7%(n=587) of all subjects. Most of the response of the question for time of GDS or HFF intake was ‥usually take…, and for information source of GDS or HFF was ‥from family…. The rate of the response ‥I am going to take supplements(GDS or HFF) continually… was high. Major reason given for FF intake was ‥good for health…(39.5%). The subjects preferred vitamin C most when they choose FF(34.7%).

Nutrition intake through the diet of IDU was positive. Thirty seven percents of the IDU took overlapped GDS and HFF. In 36.5% of the IDU, there were 81.8% of them taking 2 kinds of supplement, and 9.1% of them taking 3 or 4 supplements at once. Major patterns of overlapped-intake were [multi-vitamins supplement + vitamin C supplement] of GDS, and [vitamin B-complex supplement + calcium supplement] of HFF.
Vitamin C supplements had higher percentages(40.7%) of GDS for vitamin and mineral intake than followed multi-vitamin supplements(37%)≒ multi-vitamin and mineral(23.9%)≒ calcium(Ca) supplements(6.5%)≒ iron(Fe) supplements(4.3%)≒ vitamin A and vitamin D supplements(2.2%).

The daily average exposure of vitamins and minerals of IDU through diet was 0.3 to 4.4 times as compared with RNI particularly vitamin E(4.4 times). Also through just GDS was 0.0 to 75.8 times especially vitamin E(75.8 times). As well as through HFF was 0.0 to 111 times especially vitamin B12(111times). Finally through FF was 0.0 to 10 times but with no particular nutrition.
Making vitamin on 97.5th percentile and minerals on 95th percentile in the maximum exposure through diet, there was an excess of exposure to UL in IDU in the following areas: through diet were vitamin A(1.7%) and niacin(5.0%); through only GDS were vitamin C(9.1%) and Fe(5.6%); and through HFF were niacin(8.6%)≒ vitamin B6(7.5%)≒ folic acid(2.9%)≒ vitamin C(2.3%).

Making a comparison in vitamins and minerals daily intake through diet between IDU and IDNU, intake of vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin C, and Ca in both groups were lower than RNI, but other vitamins and minerals were satisfied RNI. The average daily intake of vitamin B1, niacin, and Zn in IDU was higher than in IDNU significantly, but in both groups satisfied RNI. The daily intake of Ca in IDU was also higher than in IDNU considerably, but calcium intake of both groups was in 60 to 70% intake of RNI. Therefore the both groups had similar daily intake of vitamins and minerals and satisfied RNI, so IDU hardly seemed a group to need supplements or HFF.

The result of this study showed that the intake of vitamins and minerals has been common among adolescents in Korea, and supplement intake of the subjects has been related with various factors. The intake rate of GDS for vitamin․mineral supplements was higher than HFF. However, there was no particular difference in usage behavior between the 2 types of supplements.
The subjects may have potential risks of having negative effects in their bodies caused by overuse of supplements though most of them took enough vitamins and minerals through diet. Therefore we have to make efforts to encourage right health care habit through systematic and educational aspects. The exposure assessment for vitamins and minerals should be continued every lifecycle, and then there will be applications for nutrition safety management and the set up of the UL with scientific bases.

In this study, there are several limitations: first, there is a lack of representation because of the small number of IDU; second, all the source of vitamins and minerals are not treated. Therefore we need to increase the number of subjects and consider the difference among seasons. Also we need to continue researching about exposure for vitamins and minerals including water or other nutrition supplements not treated in this study.


Key Words : vitamin and mineral exposure assessment, tolerable upper intake levels(UL), diet, vitamin․mineral supplements, general drug supplements(GDS), health functional foods(HFF), fortified foods(FF), adolescents

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구 모형 5
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 6
• 【1】 다양한 급원을 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취 실태 6
• 1. 청소년의 식이를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취 실태 6
• 2. 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 7
• 3. 영양강화식품 섭취 실태 9
• 【2】 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 조사 11
• 1. 비타민과 무기질의 상한섭취량 설정 11
• 2. 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 평가 방법 13
• 3. 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 및 상한섭취량과의 비교 15
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법 16
• 【1】 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 16
• 1. 조사대상자의 선정 및 조사 기간 16
• 2. 조사 내용 및 자료 분석 17
• 가. 일반환경요인 18
• 나. 식생활관련요인 18
• 다. 건강관련요인 19
• 라. 비타민․무기질 보충제의 건강효과에 대한 믿음 19
• 마. 일반의약품용 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 20
• 바. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 20
• 사. 영양강화식품 섭취 실태 21
• 【2】비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 조사 21
• 1. 조사대상자의 선정 및 조사 기간 21
• 2. 조사 내용 및 자료 분석 22
• 가. 식이 조사 22
• 나. 일반의약품용 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 섭취량 조사 22
• 다. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취량 조사 22
• 라. 영양강화식품 섭취량 조사 23
• 마. 1일 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 산출 및 섭취량 평가 24
• Ⅳ. 연구 결과 및 고찰 25
• 【1】 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 25
• 1. 조사대상자의 일반환경특성 25
• 2. 제요인과 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취와의 관계 27
• 가. 일반환경요인과 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 27
• 나. 식생활관련요인과 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 31
• 다. 건강관련요인과 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 34
• 라. 비타민․무기질 보충제의 건강효과에 대한 믿음과
• 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 37
• 3. 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 39
• 가. 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 행동 39
• 나. 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제 종류별 섭취율 42
• 다. 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제 종류별 선호도 44
• 4. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 45
• 가. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 행동 45
• 나. 건강기능식품 종류별 섭취율 48
• 다. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민 · 무기질 보충제 종류별 선호도 50
• 5. 일반의약품용 및 건강기능식품 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제
• 일부 섭취 행동 비교 51
• 가. 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 시기 52
• 나. 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제 구입 시 영양표시 확인 여부 53
• 다. 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제 영양표시 이해 정도 54
• 라. 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제의 1일 섭취량 준수 여부 55
• 마. 형태에 따른 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취에 대한 앞으로의 견해 56
• 6. 영양강화식품 섭취 실태 57
• 【2】비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 조사 59
• 1. ‘심층조사 섭취군’의 급원별 비타민과 무기질 섭취 실태 59
• 가. 급원별 섭취율 59
• 나. 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취율 61
• 1) 일반의약품용 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취율 61
• 2) 건강기능식품 중의 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취율 62
• 3) 일반의약품용 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제와 건강기능식품 중의
• 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취율 63
• 다. 형태별 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취 패턴 64
• 1) 일반의약품용 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취 패턴 64
• 2) 건강기능식품 중의 비타민ㆍ무기질 보충제 중복 섭취 패턴 65
• 라. 급원에 따른 종류별 섭취율 66
• 1) 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제 종류별 섭취율 66
• 2) 건강기능식품 중의 비타민․무기질 보충제 종류별 섭취율 67
• 3) 영양강화식품 종류별 섭취율 68
• 2. ‘심층조사 섭취군’의 각 급원을 통한 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 70
• 가. 식이를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량 70
• 나. 일반의약품용 비타민․무기질 보충제를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량 74
• 다. 건강기능식품 중의 비타민․무기질 보충제를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량 76
• 라. 영양강화식품을 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량 78
• 마. 각 급원을 통한 비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 및 평가 80
• Ⅴ. 요약 및 결론 88
• ABSTRACT 94
• 참 고 문 헌 98
• 부 록 107
• 【1】 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 107
• <부록 1> 청소년의 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 조사지 107
• 【2】비타민과 무기질 총섭취량 조사 118
• <부록 2> 식이 조사지 118
• <부록 3> 비타민․무기질 보충제 섭취량 조사지 122
• <부록 4> 영양강화식품 섭취 조사지 123
• 감사의 글 126

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