상담과정에서의 정서전염에 대한 이해와 임상적 활용 = Understanding and Applying in the Counseling Process on the Emotional Contagion

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Despite the difficulties of the counselor's emotional contagion during counselling process, counselor's personal characteristics, countertransference problem or lack of practice has been ignored. In order to understand the emotional contagion, domestic and foreign research and latest tendency of studies have been considered. From the beginning of observation for emotional contagion to occurrence, Hatfield, Cacioppo and Rapson's mimicry-feedback mechanism, Hoffman's two cognitive mechanism(language-mediated association, perspective taking), Preston and Waal's direct inducing mechanism, have been studied upon three different point of view. Furthermore, it is studied that emotional contagion is a multiply determined family of psychophysiological, cognitive, behavioral and social phenomena. Also, the relationship between unidimensional structure of the emotion contagion scale and multidimensional structure of the emotion contagion scale have been studied. In this following study, the difference between similar concept of emotional contagion (emotional empathy, unipathy) has been researched. Also, the factors causes emotional contagion, during counseling process, counselor's burnout and vicarious trauma have been studied; the clinical use of emotional contagion and prevention, strategy and self management for counselor have been discussed. Finally, the ultimate goal, further studies and its limitation has been suggested.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

그동안 상담자의 정서전염은 상담과정에 큰 어려움을 가져옴에도 불구하고, 상담자 개인의 성격과 역전이 문제 또는 상담 훈련의 부족 등으로 간과되어 왔다. 이에 정서전염의 이해를 높이기 위해 정서전염에 대한 국내외 관련 문헌과 최근 연구 동향을 고찰하였다. 정서전염에 대한 초기 관찰에서부터 정서전염의 발생과정- Hatfield, Cacioppo와 Rapson의 모방-피드백 메커니즘, Hoffman의 두 가지 고차원 인지 메커니즘(언어-매개 연합, 관점수용), Preston과 Waal의 직접유도 메커니즘- 에 대한 세 가지 다른 연구 입장에 대해서 논의하였다. 그밖에 정서전염이 심리사회적/인지적/행동적 그리고 사회적 현상이 복합적으로 결정된 집합임을 밝히는 일련의 연구들을 고찰하였다. 또한 정서전염 척도의 단일차원 요인구조와 다차원 요인구조 간의 상이한 연구 결과를 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 정서전염의 유사개념 (정서적 공감, 정서적 동일시 등)과의 차이, 정서전염에 영향을 주는 요인 및 상담과정에서의 정서전염, 상담자 소진 및 대리외상을 차례로 살펴보고, 정서전염의 임상적 활용과 예방 전략 및 상담자의 자기관리 방법을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의, 후속 연구에 대한 제언 및 한계점 등을 제시하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Christakis, N. A., "행복은 전염된다" 김영사 2010

2 이영순, "초보 상담자들의 어려움과 역전이 관리능력 및 상담성과 간의 관계" 한국상담학회 11 (11): 1021-1035, 2010

3 Corey, M. S., "좋은 상담자 되기" (주)시그마프레스 2005

4 Jung, C. G., "정신요법의 기본문제" 솔 2007

5 McWilliams, N., "정신분석적 심리치료" 학지사 2007

6 정옥분, "정서발달과 정서지능" 학지사 2008

7 중앙일보, "자살 보도 방식 문제 많다"

8 김정식, "이타행동의 유발요인으로서 정서전염: 문화변인의 조절효과" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 13 (13): 55-76, 2007

9 최명식, "역전이와 상담자의 자기문제" 6 (6): 197-214, 2003

10 문경주, "어머니의 우울과 아동의 부적응간의 관계-모-자 상호행동 관찰 연구" 14 (14): 41-55, 1995

11 Wallin, D. J., "애착과 심리치료" 학지사 2010

12 공계순, "아동학대예방센터 상담원의 소진에 관한 연구" 267-292, 2004

13 조민아, "아동 청소년 심리치료자의 역전이에 대한 현상학적 연구" 한국청소년학회 17 (17): 95-120, 2010

14 홍준호, "상담자의 자아강도와 사회적지지 및 심리적소진의 관계" 홍익대학교 대학원 2004

15 홍기묵, "상담자의 자기돌봄에 대한 개념과 관련변인에 대한 연구고찰" 한국놀이치료학회 15 (15): 153-177, 2012

16 최윤미, "상담자 소진 내용의 질적 분석" 한국상담심리학회 14 (14): 581-598, 2002

17 홍영식, "상담 수퍼비전에서 상담자의 자각이 상담과정에 미치는 영향" 한국상담학회 13 (13): 1387-1406, 2012

18 Haynes, R., "상담 및 조력전문가를 위한 수퍼비전의 실제" (주)시그마프레스 2006

19 조긍호, "문화유형과 정서의 차이 : 한국인의 정서 이해를 위한 시론" 6 (6): 21-43, 1997

20 Ickes, W., "마음읽기" 중앙 P&L 2008

21 Gomez, L., "대상관계이론 입문" 학지사 2008

22 Hamilton, N. G., "대상관계 이론과 실제: 자기와 타자" 학지사 2008

23 박영, "놀이치료 초심자의 성격특성과 인지적 정서조절 및 심리적 소진의 관계" 한국놀이치료학회 15 (15): 179-195, 2012

24 이자영, "공감피로에 대한 고찰: 상담자를 위한 제언" 한국상담학회 11 (11): 19-36, 2010

25 조성호, "공감과 마음이해: 종합적 접근" 인간학연구소 (15) : 169-202, 2008

26 Skovholt, T. M., "건강한 상담자만이 남을 도울 수 있다" 학지사 2010

27 Laird, J. D., "William James and the mechanisms of emotional experience" 16 : 636-651, 1990

28 Sexton, L., "Vicarious traumatization of counselors and effects on their workplaces" 27 : 292-403, 1999

29 Pearlman, L. A., "Vicarious traumatization : An empirical study of the effects of truama work on trauma therapists" 26 : 558-565, 1995

30 Brennan, T., "The transmission of affect" Cornell University 2004

31 Aronfreed, J., "The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses, In Altruism and helping behavior" Academic Press 103-126, 1970

32 Barsade, S. G., "The ripple effect : Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior" 47 : 644-675, 2002

33 Laird, J. D., "The real role of facial response in experience of emotion : A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth and others" 47 : 909-917, 1984

34 Dubé, J. E., "The mental Activities of Trainee Therapists of Children and Adolescents : The impact of personal psychotherapy on the listening process" 36 (36): 216-228, 1999

35 Larson, D., "The helper's journey" Research Press 1993

36 Darwin, C., "The expression of the emotions in man and animals" University of Chicago Press 1965

37 Doherty, R. W., "The emotional contagion scale : A measure of individual differences" 21 (21): 131-154, 1997

38 Wang, Xiao, Li, "The development research of the emotional contagion theory" 628-632, 2010

39 Sy, T., "The contagious leader. Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes" 90 (90): 295-305, 2005

40 Lang, P. J., "The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety, In Anxiety and the anxiety disorders" Lawrence Erlbaum 131-170, 1985

41 Barsade, S., "The affective revolution in organizational behavior; The emergence of a paradigm, In Organizational Behavior; The State of the Science" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers 3-52, 2003

42 Chethik, M., "Techniques of Child Therapy: Psychodynamic Strategies" The Guildford Press 2000

43 Moore, K. A., "Stress in mental health professional : A theoretical overview" 42 : 82-89, 1996

44 Cherniss, C., "Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services" Sage 1980

45 Strupp, H. H., "Some empirical and conceptual basis for coordinated research in psychotherapy" 7 : 18-90, 1969

46 Bern, D. J., "Self-perception theory, In Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 6" Academic Press 1-62, 1972

47 Laird, J. D., "Self-attribution of emotion : The effects of expressive behavior on the quality of emotional experience" 33 : 475-486, 1974

48 Motta, R. W., "Secondary truma : Assessing inter-generational transmission of war experiences with a modified stoop procedure" 53 (53): 895-903, 1997

49 Bion, W. R., "Second thoughts" Jason Aronson 1967

50 Wallbott, H. G., "Recognition of emotion from facial expression via imitation? Some indirect evidence for an old theory" 30 : 207-219, 1991

51 Lishner, D. A., "Rapid emotional contagion and expressive congruence under strong test conditions" 32 : 225-239, 2008

52 Ogden, T. H., "Projective identification: Psychotherapeutic technique" Jason Aronson 1982

53 Miller, L., "Our own medicine : Traumatized psychotherapists and the stresses of doing therapy" 35 (35): 137-146, 1998

54 Heimann, P., "On countertransference" 31 : 81-84, 1950

55 Moos, R., "Multivariate study of the patient-therapist system" 3 (3): 119-130, 1967

56 Reik, T., "Listening with the third ear: The inner experience of a psychoanalyst" Farrar, Strauss and Giroux 1948

57 Jung, C. G., "Lecture five: Analytical psychology: Its theory and practice" Random House 151-160, 1968

58 Malatesta, C. Z., "Learning display rules : The socialization of emotional expression in infancy" 53 : 991-1003, 1982

59 Heller, K., "Interviewer behavior as a function of standardized client roles" 27 : 117-122, 1963

60 Hoffman, M. L., "Interaction of affect and cognition on empathy, In Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior" Cambridge University Press 101-131, 1984

61 Howes, M. J., "Induction of depressive affect after prolonged exposure to a mildly depressed individual" 49 : 1110-1113, 1985

62 박영신, "IMF시대 이후 초, 중, 고, 대학생과 부모의 스트레스 경험과 대처양식 및 사회적 지원: 토착심리학적 접근" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 8 (8): 105-135, 2002

63 Macran, S., "How does personal therapy affect therapists' practice?" 46 : 419-431, 1999

64 Hoffman, M. L., "How automatic and representational is empathy, and why" 25 : 38-39, 2002

65 Reich, A., "Further Remarks on Countertransference" 41 : 389-395, 1960

66 Bavelas, J. B., "Form and function in motor mimicry : potographic evidence that the primary function is communicative" 14 : 275-299, 1988

67 Larson, R. W., "Family Emotions; Do young adolescents and their parents experience the same states?" 4 : 567-583, 1994

68 Hess, U., "Facial reactions to emotional facial expressions: affect or emotional cognition?" 12 : 509-532, 1998

69 Hess, U., "Facial mimicry, In The Social Context of Nonverbal Behavior" Cambridge University Press 213-241, 1999

70 Pickens, J., "Facial expressivity in infants of depressed mothers" 29 : 986-988, 1993

71 Adelman, P. K., "Facial efference and the experience of emotion" 40 : 249-280, 1989

72 Preston, S. D., "Empathy : Its ultimate and proximate bases" 25 : 1-20, 2002

73 Deutch, F., "Empathy : Historic and current conceptualizations, measurement, and a cognitive theoretical perspective" 18 : 267-287, 1975

74 Klinnert, M. D., "Emotions as behavior regulators: Social referencing in infants, In Emotion: Theory, research and experience" Academic Press 47-86, 1983

75 Hsee, C. K., "Emotional contagion and its relationship to mood"

76 Doherty, R. W., "Emotional contagion : Gender and occupational differences" 19 : 355-371, 1995

77 Hatfield, E., "Emotional contagion" 2 (2): 96-99, 1993

78 Hatfield, E., "Emotional Contagion" Cambridge University Press 1994

79 Singelis, T. M., "Culture, self; and emotional contagion" 22 (22): 820-828, 1996

80 Markus, H. R., "Culture and the self; implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation" 98 : 224-253, 1991

81 Zachrisson, A., "Countertransference and changes in conception of the psvchoanalytic relationship" 18 : 177-188, 2009

82 Bergin, A. E., "Correlates of empathy in psychotherapy : a replication" 74 (74): 477-481, 1969

83 Joinson, C., "Coping with compassion fatigue" 22 : 116-121, 1992

84 Joiner, T. E., "Contagious depression : Existence, specificity to depressed symptoms, and the role of reassurance seeking" 67 : 287-296, 1994

85 Figley, C. R., "Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring, Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators" Sidran Press 1995

86 Figley, C. R., "Compassion fatigue : Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self-care" 58 : 1433-1441, 2002

87 Orlovsky, C., "Compassion fatigue" 75 (75): 13-, 2006

88 Radeke, J. T., "Comparing the Personal lives of psychotherapist and research psychologists" 2000

89 Perlman, G., "Change in self-and ideal self-concept congruence of beginning psychotherapists" 28 : 404-408, 1972

90 Maslash, C., "Burnout: The cost of caring" Prentice Hall 1982

91 Edelwich, J., "Burnout: Stages of disillusionment in the helping professions" Human Sciences Press 1980

92 Bakker, A. B., "Burnout contagion among general practitioners" 20 (20): 82-98, 2001

93 Sussman, M. B., "Aperilous calling; The hazards of psychotherapy practice" John Wiley & Sons 1995

94 Wilkerson, K., "An exmination of burnout Among school counselors guided by stress-strain-coping Theory" 87 (87): 428-437, 2009

95 Ekman, P., "An argument fop basic emotion" 6 : 169-200, 1993

96 Donner, L., "Affect contagion in beginning psychotherapists" 31 (31): 332-339, 1975

97 Kevrekidis, P., "Adaptation of the emotional contagion scale(ECS)and gender differences within the Greek cultural context" 1-6, 2008

98 Gilroy, P. J., "A preliminary survey of counseling psychologists's personal experiences with depression and treatment" 33 (33): 402-407, 2002

99 Lundqvist, L. O., "A Swedish adaptation of the emotional contagion scale; Factor structure and psychometric properties" 47 : 263-272, 2006