高麗時代 度量衡制 硏究 : 結負制와 관련하여 = (A) Study on the system of weights and measures in the Koryo dynasty : in reference to the system of Kyul Bu(結負制)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We have examined the system of weights and measures in reference to Gyul Bu Jae(結負制). Its major characteristics can be summarized as follows:First of all, we have investigated the system and change of weights and measures.
First, the linear measure had the system of Bun(分), Chon(寸), Chuk(尺), Bo(步), Jang(丈). Ten Buns are equal to one Chon, ten Chons to one Chuk, and six Chuks to noe Bo. At the end of Sylla dynasty and early Unified Sylla dynasty the linear measure of Han dynasty(漢尺) in China was used in analyzing by actual measurement the documents of epigraphs and remaining relics, and in the late Unified Sylla the big measure of Tang(唐大尺) was utilised. Koryo Dynasty utilised the basic measurement of about thirty-one centimeters that succeeded to the big measure of Tang. In the 12th century, however, as Kum Dhuk was introduced, and Yang Jeon Chuk(양전척) was used as Ji Chuk(指尺), the existing big measure of Tang functioned only as Jo Young Chuk(造營尺) and Po Baek Chuk(布帛尺). As a result, the measurement in the early Chosun Dynasty was classified into Ji Chuk, JuChuk(周尺), Jo Young Chuk, Po Baek Chuk, and so forth, Secondly, the system of quantity included Jak(勺), Hab(合), Sung(升), Du(斗), and Suk(石), but the units below Du(斗) used the decimal system, and fifteen Dues (斗) was equal to one Suk. The volume of one Sung in Unified Sylla was about 200mls as in Han dynasty, in that the volume of three Sungs of grains supplied for the relief of the poor in the reign of king Sung-Duk(聖德王) in the early 8th century was equal to the one provide for it in the Han dynasty. The capacity of the unit of on Sung is assumed to be 343mls or so, in the light of great kin Sung-Duk Sin-Jong(聖德大王神鐘) in the 23th year of the reign of king Mun-Jong(文宗). And the volume in the Cho Sun dynasty is presumed to be some 596mls in the light of Kok Du Sung Hab(穀斗升合) enacted in the 28th year of the reign of king Sae Jong(世宗). The increase in volume like this was the same as the case of China, but the rate of increase is less than the one of China. Thirdly, in the system of weight Gun(斤) and Yang(兩) were mainly used, and one Gun was sixteen Yangs. In the unit of weight, given the weight of 聖德大王神鐘, in the 8th century, one Gun in 8th century of Unified Sylla was equal to some 200grams similar to the one of Han dynasty. This system of weight changed in the period between the late Unified Silla and early Koryo dynasty, and so the weight of unit of one Gun is presumed to increase greatly in the reign of king Jung-Jong(靖宗) in Koryo dynasty. We can know about it with measuring weight of various relics.
Therefore the weight of one Gun in the Koryo dynasty is presumed to be about 600grams. This weight did not greatly change until the reign of king Sae Jong in Chosun dynasty.
Now, we will investigate Gyul Bu Jae(指負制). The Yang Jeon(量田) in the early Koryo dynasty was carried into effect as occasion called, centering around the units of Gun(郡) and Hyun(縣). However, what is specially noteworthy is that Yang Jeon was carried out simultaneously on a national scale in the late Koryo dynasty. Moreover, while the system of identity of quantity and linear measure(量尺同一制) was in force in Yang Jeon in the early period, the system of Su Dung Yee Chuk(隨等異尺制) was given to effect. Consequently, the method of Yang Jeon itself changed and the period of chang was the one between the reign of king In-Jong(仁宗) and the 24th year o the reign of king Myung-Jong(明宗). As a result, the meaning of Gyul Bu Jae(指負制) was transformed from the system of Dong Juk Lee Sae(同積異稅) by the system of identity of quantity and linear measure(量尺同一制) to the one of Lee Juk Dong Sae(異積同稅) by the system of Su Dung Yee Chuk(隨等異尺制). The change of the method of Yang Jeon like this and the enforcement of the system of Su Dung Yee Chuk(隨等異尺制) made Jak Jung(作丁) by unit of a certain area, and by means of it Yang An was written out. In case of Ki Sa(己巳) Yang Jeon the names of the persons with right of tax collection were not written in Yang An, which had the purpose of protecting the estates of peasantry from the disseizing of the persons with right of tax collection.
The case of Gyul Bu Jae(指負制) and Kung Mu Jae(頃畝制) can be found in the documents in the period of Unified Silla and Koryo dynasty. In case of Gyul Bu Jae(指負制), the meaning was transformed from a certain area to the unit of quantity of production and the period of change was the one after 12th century. Kung Mu Jae in China was a certain unit of area. Gyul Bu Jae and Kung Mu Jae had the same meaning merely in that they were given areas. The cases of Kung Mu Jae were used as the meanings of given areas in Koryo dynasty, independent of the meaning of legal areas of Kung Mu Jae in China. Therefore, Kung Mu Jae, its original meaning(absolute areas, some 12,000Pyung(坪)) in China abstracted, was used in Unified Silla and Koryo dynasty in terms of absolute areas in Koryo dynasty. The area of one Kyul was about 12,000Pyung, if we take one Kyul(結)=Bang(方) thirty-three Boes(步) as a standard. The area at the end of Koryo dynasty transformed to Su Dung Yee Chuk Jae was some 2,000Pyungs in case of first-rate paddies(上等田), some 3,000Pyungs in case of middle-rate paddies(中等田), and some 4,500Pyungs in case of low-rate paddies(下等田).
We have taken the standard production of one Kul as fifteen Suks(石), eleven Suks, seven Suks in case of normal crop according to the regulation of tax-collection of commons(公田) in the reign of ing Sung Jong. In 200Pyungs, the first-rate paddies(上等田), middle-rate paddies(中等田), and low-rate paddies(下等田) produced 2.5Suks(細괘 3Suks), 1.83Suks(細괘 2.3Suks), and 1.16Suks(細괘 1.67Suks) respectively. In 200Pyungs of estates of Sang Dung(上等田) some 2Suks were produced at the end of Koryo dynasty. We could find the ratio of procuction in the late Koryo dynasty went up more than 20% in comparison with the early Koryo dynasty. This increase of production was attributed to the development of agricultural technique.
Finally, we have examined the factors of change of system of weight and measures and its historical meaning. As the estates developed as sources of economic wealths, the tax-collection of estates was realized. Accordingly, we can find that the system of weights and measures and the system of Gyul Bu Jae were established. Thereafter, the factors of change of the system of weights and measures were the increase of productive capacity due to the the development of agricultural technique and the exploitation of the land-owning classes, and the purpose of increasing the financial revenue of the state. This establishment and change of the system of weights and measures can be understood to mean the process of the creation and development of Korean medieval society.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• Ⅰ. 序論 = 1
• 1. 연구 현황 = 1
• 2. 연구 방향 = 11
• Ⅱ. 度制와 基準尺의 변화 = 13
• 1. 체계와 종류 = 13
• 2. 遺物의 기록을 통해 본 基準尺 = 40
• 3. 척도의 변화 = 53
• Ⅲ. 量制와 容積의 변화 = 61
• 1. 체계 = 61
• 2. 용적의 단위 = 71
• 3. 용적 단위의 변화 = 87
• Ⅳ. 衡制와 重量의 변화 = 101
• 1. 체계 = 101
• 2. 중량과 단위의 변화 = 107
• Ⅴ. 結負制의 변화와 성격 = 121
• 1. 量尺同一制와 결부제 = 121
• 2. 隨等異尺制와 결부제 = 146
• 3. 結負制와 頃畝制의 관련성 = 178
• Ⅵ. 結論 = 191
• 參考文獻 = 202
• Abstract = 208