Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread soil pollutant in industrial and agricultural areas. Plants have mechanisms that confer tolerance of this toxic metal; however, the underlying molecular controls and tolerance genes have not been well characterized.
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Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread soil pollutant in industrial and agricultural areas. Plants have mechanisms that confer tolerance of this toxic metal; however, the underlying molecular controls and tolerance genes have not been well characterized.
A screen of wheat genes that confer Cd tolerance to a Cd hypersensitive yeast strain resulted in the identification of a heat shock transcription factor (Hsf), Triticum aestivum Heat shock transcription factor A4a (TaHsfA4a). Based on predicted amino acid sequences, TaHsfA4a is most similar to the class A4 Hsfs from monocots, including barley, sorghum, maize, and rice. The most closely related rice homolog, OsHsfA4a, conferred Cd tolerance in yeast, as did TaHsfA4a, while the second-most closely related rice homolog, OsHsfA4d, did not. Cd tolerance was enhanced in rice plants expressing TaHsfA4a, and decreased in rice plants with knocked-down expression of OsHsfA4a. An analysis of the functional domain using chimeric proteins constructed from TaHsfA4a and OsHsfA4d revealed that the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of TaHsfA4a is critical for Cd tolerance. A detailed analysis of the DBDs revealed that, within this region of TaHsfA4a, Ala-31 and Leu-42 are important for Cd tolerance. I searched for the targets of TaHsfA4a and found that the TaHsfA4a-mediated Cd resistance mechanism requires metallothionein (MT) in yeast. Thus I hypothesized that TaHsfA4a confers Cd tolerance by regulating MT gene expression in plants as well. In line with this hypothesis, Cd stress caused increases in TaHsfA4a and OsHsfA4a expression, together with their target MT genes, in the roots of wheat and rice. These findings suggest that the two class A4 Hsfs of wheat and rice confer Cd tolerance by up-regulating MT gene expression in planta.
Furthermore, the Arabidopsis MT genes AtMT1 and AtMT2 confer Cd resistance to Cd-sensitive yeast, but it has not been directly shown whether they or other MTs provide the same protection to plants. I tested whether AtMT2a and AtMT3 can confer Cd resistance to plant cells by introducing GFP- or RFP-fused forms of the genes into guard cells of Vicia faba by biolistic bombardment. AtMT2a and AtMT3 protected guard cell chloroplasts from degradation upon exposure to Cd, an effect that was confirmed using an FDA assay to test the viability of the exposed guard cells. AtMT2a- and AtMT3-GFP were localized in the cytoplasm both before and after treatment of V. faba guard cells or Arabidopsis protoplasts with Cd, and the levels of reactive oxygen species were lower in transformed guard cells than in non-transformed cells after Cd-treatment. These results suggest that the Cd-detoxification mechanism of AtMT2a and AtMT3 may not include sequestration into vacuoles or other organelles, but does involve reduction of the level of reactive oxygen species in Cd-treated cells. In Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to Cd, the expression of AtMT2a and AtMT3 increased. Together, these data support a role for the metallothioneins AtMT2a and AtMT3 in Cd resistance in intact plant cells.
In summary, I identified two new transcription factors and their target gene metallothionein as important factors in cadmium resistance of plants.