Objectives: Although 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a metabolite derived from arachidonic acid, has been known to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and cancer development, the mechanism responsible...
Objectives: Although 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a metabolite derived from arachidonic acid, has been known to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and cancer development, the mechanism responsible for its cellular elimination remains poorly understood. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the transporter responsible for the efflux of 20-HETE-glucuronide. A further research goal was to study the cytotoxicity and changes in gene expression profiles induced by intracellular 20-HETE accumulation.
Methods: The cellular expression of efflux transporters was confirmed by RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and immunoblot assay. Changes in the amount of 20-HETE-glucuronide transported out of the cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with and without chemical inhibitors and siRNAs specific for each transporter. Cytotoxicity induced by the accumulation of 20-HETE within the cells was confirmed by CCK-8 assay, and the impact of 20-HETE on changes in gene expression was investigated by RNA sequencing analysis.
Results: Treatment with MK571 and Ko143, chemical inhibitors specific for multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), decreased the amount of 20-HETE-glucuronide transported out of the cells by 69-99% (p < 0.001) and 58-63% (p < 0.01), respectively. With the exception of these two transporters, there were no significant differences in 20-HETE-glucuronide efflux in the other transporters with the inhibitors. Treatment with siRNAs specific for MRP2 and BCRP decreased the amount of 20-HETE-glucuronide transported out of the cells by 47% (p < 0.05) and 32% (p < 0.05), respectively, as the expression of each transporter protein decreased. The use of chemical inhibitors and siRNAs against the corresponding transporter proteins in Huh-7 cells yielded the same pattern of results as in HepG2 cells. Intracellular accumulation of 20-HETE resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability by up to 48% (p < 0.01), and concomitantly, there was an increase in transcriptomic expression associated with cardiovascular disease and cell division.
Conclusions: MRP2 and BCRP were identified as the main transporters involved in the efflux of 20-HETE-glucuronide. Moreover, it was found that intracellular accumulation of 20-HETE caused cytotoxicity and up-regulated the expression of transcripts associated with cardiovascular disease and cell division. The present studies provide a molecular mechanism for the transporter of intracellular 20-HETE out of the cells and a method for controlling the amount of intracellular 20-HETE. The present results would lay the foundation for further studies on the mechanisms of 20-HETE-induced cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and other cellular toxicities.