Cu is an indispensable material for electrical and thermal applications because of its outstanding conductivity. As electronic devices continue to move toward miniaturization and higher integration, however, structural dimensions of Cu-based parts bec...
Cu is an indispensable material for electrical and thermal applications because of its outstanding conductivity. As electronic devices continue to move toward miniaturization and higher integration, however, structural dimensions of Cu-based parts become thinner and smaller. Under such conditions, even when the external load is unchanged, the local stress level can rise, which increases the likelihood of process-induced damage such as localized deformation, cracking, or other manufacturing defects. For this reason, modern Cu components are expected to possess not only high strength to maintain dimensional integrity but also sufficient elongation to secure formability and service reliability. In most metallic systems, strength and ductility tend to counterbalance each other, so improving both properties at the same time is not straightforward. TWIP can be considered an effective approach to address this issue. In FCC metals, a decrease in SFE makes deformation twinning more readily activated, and the resulting twin boundaries impede dislocation glide, which enhances work hardening and supports simultaneous gains in strength and ductility. Prior studies have indicated that alloying Cu with Al can lower SFE and thereby promote deformation twinning, leading to improved mechanical performance. Moreover, Si has often been regarded as a more effective SFE-reducing solute in Cu than Al, whereas Ni typically raises the SFE of Cu and thus tends to inhibit twinning, making dislocation glide the principal carrier of plasticity. Based on this background, the present work prepared Cu–Si, Cu–Al, and Cu–Ni binary alloys and systematically examined how the type and concentration of alloying elements influence deformation mechanisms and tensile properties. In addition, the relationship among SFE modulation, twin activity, and the resulting strength–ductility response was quantitatively assessed to provide practical guidance for designing Cu-based TWIP alloys. Specifically, the influence of alloying-induced SFE changes on plastic deformation behavior and mechanical properties was evaluated through a consistent comparative framework across the three alloy systems. The alloy was cast in a vacuum arc melting furnace, followed by homogenisation heat treatment, cold rolling and annealing to produce plate specimens. Microstructural features were quantitatively characterized using OM, SEM, EBSD, and TEM. Tensile properties were measured at both room temperature and a low temperature condition (–80°C), and the observed stress–strain behavior was interpreted in terms of dominant deformation mechanisms. The experimental results showed that Si and Al additions reduce the SFE of Cu, which increases the propensity for deformation twin nucleation and growth during plastic deformation. This enhanced twin activity strengthens strain hardening and leads to TWIP like behavior where strength and elongation can be improved simultaneously. When compared at similar alloy levels, Cu–Si exhibited a stronger SFE lowering effect than Cu–Al, producing more active twinning and, accordingly, a relatively greater combined improvement in strength and ductility. In contrast, Ni addition increased the SFE of Cu, suppressed deformation twinning, and shifted plastic deformation toward dislocation glide, resulting in a more conventional behavior where strength increases at the expense of ductility. Finally, with decreasing temperature, Cu–Si and Cu–Al alloys displayed a comparable or reduced strain-hardening exponent relative to room temperature, whereas Cu–Ni showed an increased strain-hardening exponent at low temperature, which is attributable to reduced dynamic recovery and cross slip and the consequent accumulation of dislocations.