The detection of biomolecules using electronic devices has gained significant attention due to its critical role in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and point-of-care diagnostics. Conventional biosensing techniques, however, often suffer from lim...
The detection of biomolecules using electronic devices has gained significant attention due to its critical role in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and point-of-care diagnostics. Conventional biosensing techniques, however, often suffer from limitations such as low sensitivity, slow response time, the requirement of labeling, and complex detection procedures. These challenges hinder their practical implementation in rapid and on-site diagnostic systems. In this regard, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have emerged as promising platforms due to their capability for real-time, label-free detection and high sensitivity. Nevertheless, achieving reliable and ultra- sensitive detection of low-concentration analytes, particularly in complex environments, remains a major challenge. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials such as Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂), Tin(IV) sulfide (SnS₂), and Molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe₂) have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique electrical and surface properties. Compared to conventional semiconductors such as Silicon, these atomically thin materials exhibit high surface-to-volume ratios, reduced charge screening effects, and tunable band structures. These properties enable strong interaction between the sensing surface and target biomolecules, resulting in enhanced sensitivity and improved detection performance. Furthermore, their compatibility with flexible and scalable device architecture makes them highly suitable for next-generation biosensing applications. Therefore, in this thesis, we investigate the fabrication and surface functionalization of 2D TMDC-based FET devices for sensitive molecular detection. The primary focus is on improving sensing performance through interface engineering and the development of tailored supporter molecules that facilitate efficient immobilization of target biomolecules. These supporter molecules, based on pyrene-functionalized constructs, interact with the 2D material surface via π–π stacking, ensuring stable attachment while minimizing Debye screening effects in electrolyte environments. The modulation of charge transport in the transistor channel, induced by biomolecular interactions, is systematically studied through electrical characterization, including transfer and output characteristics under varying biasing and gate voltage conditions. The first part of the thesis focuses on a MoSe₂-based FET biosensor for the detection of streptavidin protein as a model analyte. The device exhibits gate-dependent charge transport behavior, enabling effective modulation of the sensing signal. By employing a pyrene-based supporter molecule, the interaction between the target protein and the sensing surface is enhanced, resulting in improved sensitivity. Real-time electrical measurements demonstrate detection capability down to picomolar concentrations, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed interface engineering strategy. After that, this study presents a SnS₂ FET fabricated on a Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate to further enhance device performance. The use of h-BN as an underlying layer improves interface quality by reducing charge scattering and trap states, thereby enhancing carrier mobility and device stability. A specially designed pyrene- lysine-biotin receptor is utilized to improve biomolecule attachment and selectivity. The SnS₂/h-BN FET demonstrates rapid detection with high sensitivity, achieving low detection limits and fast response times. Additionally, the selectivity of the device is validated by comparing its response to non-target proteins, confirming its potential for reliable biosensing applications. Similarly, in the next part, a MoTe₂-based FET biosensor is developed for prompt and sensitive detection of streptavidin. The device is characterized by using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and its dynamic sensing behavior is analyzed over a wide range of analyte concentrations. The MoTe₂ FET exhibits fast response characteristics and stable detection performance, making it suitable for real-time monitoring applications. A comparative analysis of different TMDC materials is also performed to understand the influence of material properties on sensing performance and device efficiency. Although the developed TMDC-based FET biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent selectivity, the current device configurations primarily operate as single-use sensing platforms. The irreversible binding between the target biomolecules and the functionalized receptor layers limits the reusability of the devices. This disposable nature, while suitable for certain diagnostic applications, may increase operational cost and material consumption in large-scale implementations. To overcome this limitation, a conceptual framework for a reusable 2D FET biosensing platform is proposed in the final part of this thesis. The proposed approach involves the integration of reversible receptor chemistry, controlled surface regeneration techniques, and protective dielectric encapsulation layers to preserve channel integrity during repeated sensing cycles. Additionally, microfluidic-assisted washing mechanisms and optimized bias-controlled desorption strategies are suggested to enable multiple detection cycles without significant degradation in device performance. Such a reusable platform could significantly enhance the practicality, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of 2D material-based biosensors. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that surface-engineered 2D TMDC-based FETs provide a powerful platform for high-sensitivity and rapid biosensing. The integration of material selection, device fabrication, and interface engineering plays a crucial role in optimizing device performance. The results highlight the potential of these devices for detecting a wide range of biomolecules with high accuracy and speed. Such biosensing platforms could pave the way for the development of advanced electronic devices capable of detecting nucleic acids such as circulating tumor DNA (ct-DNA) and viral proteins, including the COVID-19 spike protein, thereby contributing to the advancement of next-generation diagnostic and healthcare technologies.