Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the renal diseases culminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This disorder is caused by mutations of PKD1/2 or PKHD1, and it is typically characterized with cyst formation in the kidneys. Molecular hallma...
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the renal diseases culminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This disorder is caused by mutations of PKD1/2 or PKHD1, and it is typically characterized with cyst formation in the kidneys. Molecular hallmark of PKD is excessive accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and activation of ERK pathway. Renal tubular epithelial cells proliferate exceedingly, in turn, inducing cyst formation. As the disease progressed, inflammation and fibrosis occur and renal structure is destroyed at the end. Although PKD is the life-threatening disease, there is no authorized treatment so far. Thus, many researchers have tried to find out the new molecular targets for PKD treatment. In this dissertation, I tried to find the several genes related with PKD onset or progression.
In the previous study, it was revealed that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands, S100A8/A9, were highly expressed in the kidneys of PKD mice and patients. Also, knockdown of RAGE reduced cyst growth in three dimensional (3D) culture system. Based on the previous data, I evaluated the effect of RAGE knockdown on cystogenesis in PKD mice. Adenovirus system was utilized to deliver shRage to PC2R mice, a PKD mouse model. It was observed that RAGE knockdown reduced cyst expansion and helped to renal function improvement. Slowed cystogenesis was attributed to less activation of ERK and NF-κB pathways. This study indicates that proliferation and inflammatory stimulus via RAGE activation aggravate cyst progression.
Although it is considered that renal epithelial defects mainly contribute to PKD development, cyst expansion affects adjacent renal tissues such as renal vasculatures. I found that semaphorin3C (SEMA3C) and its receptors were expressed higher in PKD epithelial cells compared with the normal renal epithelial cells. I hypothesized that increased SEMA3C could influence on human renal glomerular endothelial cell (HRGEC) under PKD progression. As a result, it was observed that treatment of recombinant SEMA3C protein inhibited angiogenesis of HRGEC via reducing the viability and the migratory ability. Experiments using SEMA3C mutant constructs showed that the effect of SEMA3C on HRGEC was dependent on C-terminal domain. Considering that upregulated SEMA3C caused rarefaction of the glomerular endothelial cells, detrimental feedback loop by SEMA3C accelerates renal function decline as PKD progresses.
Next, it was well-known that there are several causative genes accounting for PKD development besides PKD1/2 and PKHD1. One of the examples are genes which regulate primary cilia homeostasis. Thus, it is generally considered that PKD is one of the ciliopathies, diseases caused by ciliary defects. Primary cilia is microtubule-based organelles projecting from the plasma membrane. Primary cilia senses mechanical and chemical stimuli and is involved in cellular proliferation, polarity maintenance, and differentiation.
I tried to find the new gene involved in primary cilia homeostasis. From mRNA microarray using starved NIH/3T3 cells, calpain6 (capn6) was selected as a positive regulator for cilia formation and function. I discovered that capn6 expression was increased under ciliogenesis induction, and siRNA-based capn6 knockdown suppressed primary cilia formation. Furthermore, capn6 deficiency reduced the sensitivity to sonic hedgehog signal, one of the cilia-mediated pathways. Capn6 knockdown resulted in reduced α-tubulin acetylation, which might affect microtubule stability or activity of intraciliary proteins. Because capn6 does not contain acetylation-related domains, I hypothesized that capn6 influenced αTat1 and Hdac6, two major enzymes controlling tubulin acetylation level. However, capn6 deficiency did not change the expression levels of those enzymes, which indicates that capn6 will affect the function of these enzymes. This precise mechanism should be further investigated, and it is noteworthy to observe that capn6 depletion is accompanied by PKD development.
In conclusion, I excavated the novel genes as the potent therapeutic targets against PKD. I first discovered that these genes contributed to PKD aggravation, and I expect that this study will help to understand the confound mechanism on PKD.