Leuconostoc lactis DMLL10, isolated from Jeonbok-baechu-kimchi, was evaluated for its safety and technological properties as a potential starter culture for kimchi fermentation. Whole-genome sequencing was additionally performed to validate its safety...
Leuconostoc lactis DMLL10, isolated from Jeonbok-baechu-kimchi, was evaluated for its safety and technological properties as a potential starter culture for kimchi fermentation. Whole-genome sequencing was additionally performed to validate its safety- and technology-related characteristics. The strain was susceptible to eight clinically relevant antibiotics and exhibited no hemolytic activity. Genomic analysis confirmed that strain DMLL10 does not encode toxin genes and does not harbor acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Phenotypically, strain DMLL10 showed protease activity on agar containing up to 3% NaCl and demonstrated antibacterial activity against seven major foodborne pathogens. The genome also encoded protease genes and possessed genes associated with both hetero- and homo- fermentative pathways for lactic acid production, whereas bacteriocin genes were not identified. To determine the effects of DMLL10 as a starter during kimchi fermentation, its fermentation characteristics were compared with those of Leuconostoc mesenteroides KACC 12312T. Kimchi was fermented at 4°C for 20 days, and microbial dynamics, organic acids, amino acids, and volatile compounds were analyzed using HPLC, GC–MS, and multivariate statistical approaches. Although both strains successfully initiated fermentation, they exhibited distinct metabolic signatures. strain DMLL10 maintained stable dominance throughout fermentation and effectively suppressed Lactobacillus sakei, a homofermentative LAB. Compared to L. mesenteroides, strain DMLL10 produced a greater diversity of organic acids, amino acids—including increased glutamic acid—and unique volatile compounds such as octanoic acid and specific aldehydes. In contrast, L. mesenteroides KACC 12312T showed faster acidification and a narrower metabolite profile. Multivariate analyses (PCA, OPLS-DA, and Cytoscape network mapping) revealed clear starter-dependent fermentation patterns. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that strain-level variation within the genus Leuconostoc substantially influences kimchi quality. Accordingly, L. lactis DMLL10 is proposed as a promising alternative starter for producing kimchi with enhanced flavor diversity, balanced fermentation, and improved quality stability. This study provides scientific evidence supporting the strategic selection of starter cultures for developing differentiated, high-value, and personalized fermented foods.