위성 안테나 및 비균질 대기권을 고려한 우주 전파 해석 = Analysis of space wave propagation considering satellite antenna and inhomogeneous atmosphere

국문 초록 (Abstract)

지구를 공전하는 인공위성과 지상국 간의 통신에서, 전자파는 굴절, 감쇠, 지연 등의 대기 전파 영향을 받게 된다. 최근 인공위성과 지상국 간 대기권에서의 감쇠, 굴절, 지연 등을 예측하는 연구가 진행되었다. 하지만 실제 위성의 궤도 및 탑재 안테나를 고려한 연구는 수행되지 않았기 때문에, 이를 위해 위성 안테나 및 비균질 대기권의 해석이 요구된다.
본 논문에서는 위성 반사판 안테나의 복사 특성과 비균질 대기권 특성을 물리광학법, 광선추적법, 기하광학법으로 고려하여 해석하였다. 반사판 안테나는 급전부, 반사판으로 나누고, 급전 혼안테나에서 방사된 전자기장 성분을 이용하여 반사판 위에서 표면 전류를 계산하였다. 반사판은 focal length, 직경, 급전 구조에 따라서 형상이 결정되고, 원통좌표계의 반지름, 높이에 따라 수많은 표면으로 분할된다. 대기권 환경은 분할된 표면에서 표면등가전류에서 복사전자기장을 포함하는 전자기파 광선을 생성하여 해석한다. 대기권은 고도에 따라서 다수의 층으로 분할되고, 분할된 층에서의 굴절률은 측정된 기상정보를 이용하여 계산된다. 위성에서 지상국까지의 광선 전자기장 및 경로는 분할된 대기층을 통과할 때마다 층의 경계에서의 굴절률, 입사각을 이용하여 계산된다. 경로의 수렴을 위해 목표 관측점과 광선의 최종 도달 지점의 오차가 0.01 파장 미만이 되도록 광선 발사 각도를 수정하는 과정이 반복된다. 광선의 경로가 결정되면, 편파를 고려한 투과파 계산과 기하광학법을 이용한 전자기장 계산이 수행된다.
본 논문에서는 고주파 수치해석 기법을 이용하여, 위성 안테나 및 비균질 대기권 환경을 고려한 위성-지상국 간의 전파를 해석하였다. 본 방법을 통해 위성에서 지상국까지의 전파 특성을 정확하게 추정해야하는 항법, 감시, 별자리 네트워크 등의 위성 임무에 유용하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In communication between satellites orbiting the earth and ground stations,
electromagnetic waves are affected by atmospheric effects such as refraction, attenuation,
and delay. Recently, researches have been conducted to predict attenuation, refraction, and
delay in the atmosphere between satellites and ground stations. However, studies considering
the actual satellite orbit and the mounted antenna have not been conducted, the analysis of
the sate antenna and inhomogeneous atmosphere are required.
In this paper, the radiation of reflector antenna and inhomogeneous atmosphere were
analyzed by considering the physical optics, ray tracing technique, and geometrical optics.
The reflector antenna was divided into a feed antenna and reflector, and the surface current
was calculated on the reflector and electromagnetic fields from the feed horn antenna. The
shape of the reflector is determined according to the focal length, diameter, and feed structure,
and is divided into numerous surfaces according to the radius and height of the cylindrical
coordinate system. Atmospheric environment is analyzed by generating rays, including
electromagnetic field at surface equivalent current on a divided surface. The atmosphere is
stratified into multiple layers by altitude, and the refractive index in the stratified layer is
calculated using the meteorological data. The path and electromagnetic field of the ray from
the satellite to ground stations are calculated using refractive index and the angle of
incidence at the boundary of the stratified layer, when it passes through stratified
atmospheric layers. For the convergence of the path, the process of modifying the angle of
the ray is repeated so that the error between arrival point and target observation point is less
than 0.01 wavelengths. When the path of the ray is determined, the transmitted wave
calculation considering polarization and electromagnetic field calculation using geometrical
optics are performed.
In this paper, electromagnetic wave propagation between satellite and ground stations
were analyzed by using high-frequency method considering satellite antenna and
inhomogeneous atmosphere. Our method is useful for satellite mission such as navigation,
surveillance, and constellation networks that require the accurate estimation of the satellite
links from the satellite to the ground station.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론 1
• 제 2 장 위성 안테나의 복사 특성 해석 5
• 제 1 절 서론 5
• 제 2 절 구조 해석 6
• 2.2.1 급전 혼 안테나 6
• 2.2.2 파라볼라 반사판 안테나 8
• 제 3 절 계산 결과 10
• 2.3.1 피라미드 혼 안테나 10
• 2.3.2 파라볼라 반사판 안테나 12
• 제 4 절 결론 13
• 제 3 장 정지궤도 위성과 지상국 간의 전파 해석 14
• 제 1 절 서론 14
• 제 2 절 구조 해석 15
• 3.2.1 전파 해석 알고리즘 15
• 3.2.2 오프셋 파라볼라 반사판 안테나 17
• 3.2.3 비균질 대기권 환경 19
• 3.2.4 광선추적법 및 기하광학법 24
• 제 3 절 계산 결과 30
• 3.3.1 계산 결과 검증 30
• 3.3.2 시뮬레이션 결과 32
• 제 4 절 결론 38
• 제 4 장 저궤도 위성과 지상국 간의 전파 해석 39
• 제 1 절 서론 39
• 제 2 절 구조 해석 40
• 4.2.1 전파 해석 알고리즘 40
• 4.2.2 파라볼라 반사판 안테나 42
• 4.2.3 비균질 대기권 환경의 보간 43
• 제 3 절 계산 결과 54
• 4.3.1 계산 결과 검증 54
• 제 4 절 결론 66
• 제 5 장 결론 67
• 참고문헌 69
• 부록 74

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Antenna theory : analysis and design, C. A. Balanis, 4th ed. , John Wiley & sons, , 2016

2. Ionospheric prediction and forecasting, B. ZolesiL. R. Cander, Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, , 2014

3. `` Small satellite market observations, E. Buchen, , 2015

4. `` CATR test for ka band multi-beam antenna, J.-S. ChoiY. D. LeeS. P. Lee, '' 26th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference ( ICSSC ), , Jun . 2008

5. `` Rain height model for prediction methods, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R , 839-4, , 2013

6. Fundamentals of astrodynamics and applications, D. A. Vallado, Springer Science & Business Media, , 2001

7. `` Offset-parabolic-reflector antennas : A review, Rudge , Alan W.Nurdin A. Adatia, '' Proceedings of the IEEE , vol . 66 no . 12 , pp . 1592-1618, , 1978

8. Physical optics based methods for scattering analysis, M. P. Richardson, Doctoral dissertation , Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, , 2018

9. `` Asymptotic analysis of parabolic reflector antennas, F. HasselmannL. Felsen, '' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , vol . 30 , no . 4 , pp . 677- 685, , 1982

10. `` Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related effects, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R P.676-12, , 2019

11. “ The large benefits of small-satellite missions , ”, D. N. BakerS. P. Worden, EOS , Transactions American Geophysical Union , pp . 301-302, , 2008

12. `` MPM ? An atmospheric millimeter-wave propagation model, H. J. Liebe, '' Int . J. of Infrared and millimeter waves , vol . 10 , no . 6 , pp . 631-650, , Jun . 1989

13. `` Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modeling, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R , 837-7, , 2017

14. “ LEO satellite constellation for internet of things , ”, Q. ZhichengG. ZhangH. CaoJ. Xie, IEEE Access , vol . 5 pp . 18391-18401, , Sep. 2017

15. “ Radio wave propagation , ” in Satellite Communications, D. Roddy, 4th ed. , McGraw-hill, , 2006

16. `` Ionosonde observations of daytime spread F at low latitudes, C. Jiang, '' Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physicsvol . 121 , no . 12 , pp . 12,093- 12,103, , Nov. 2016

17. `` Piecewise Hermite interpolation via barycentric coordinates, S. CuomoA. GallettiG. GiuntaL. Marcellino, '' Ricerche di Matematica , vol . 64 , no . 2 pp . 303-319, , Jun . 2015

18. “ Accurate FDTD dispersive modeling for concrete materials , ”, H. ChungJ. ChoS.-G. HaS. JuK.-Y . Jung, ETRI Journalvol . 35 , no . 5 , pp . 915-918, , Oct. 2013

19. “ A study on temperature interpolation methods based on GIS , ”, W. CaoJ. HuX. Yu, 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics . IEEE , pp . 1 ? 5, , 2009

20. “ Nasa ’ s small satellite missions for Earth observation , ”, S. P. NeeckT. J. MagnerG. E. Paules, Acta Astronautica , vol . 56 , pp . 187-192, , 2005

21. `` Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R , 838-3, , 2005

22. `` A Simplified model to predict oxygen attenuation on earth-space links, L. Luinial., '' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , vol . 65 , no . 12 , pp . 7217- 7223, , Dec. 2017

23. Radio waves in the ionosphere , Radio Waves in the Ionosphere , by KG Budden, K. G. Budden, Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press, , 2009

24. “ Stratospheric aerosol measurements III : Optical model calculations , ”, R. G. Pinnick, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciencesvol . 33 , no . 2 , pp . 304-314, , Jun . 1976

25. “ The Coverage Analysis for Low Earth Orbiting Satellites at Low Elevation , ”, S. CakajB. KamoA. LalaA. Rakipi, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applicationsvol . 5 , no . 6, , 2014

26. “ Perfectly Matched Layer for Accurate FDTD for Anisotropic Magnetized Plasma , ”, J. ChoM. S. ParkK. Y. Jung, Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Sciencevol . 20 , no . 4 pp . 277-284, , Oct. 2020

27. `` Experimental assessment of slant-path rain attenuation variability in the Ka ? band, J. M. Garcia-Rubia, '' International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking , vol . 34 , no.2 , pp . 155-170, , al.Mar./Apr . 2016

28. GPM-Derived climatology of attenuation due to clouds and precipitation at Ka-band , ”, Battaglia , et al., IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , vol . 58 , no . 3 , pp . 1812-1820, , Mar . 2020

29. “ Propagation in the Ka band : Experimental characterization for satellite applications, J. M. Garc, '' IEEE Ant . Prop . Mag. , vol . 53 , no . 2 , pp . 65-76, , Apr . 2011

30. `` CubeSat deployable Ka-band mesh reflector antenna development for earth science missions, N. ChahatR. E. HodgesJ. SauderM. ThomsonE. PeralY. Rahmat-Samii, '' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol . 64 , no . 6 , pp . 2083-2093, , Jun . 2016

31. [15] C. A. Balanis, Advanced engineering electromagnetics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2012., C. A. BalanisAdvanced engineering electromagnetics2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, , 2012

32. “ Propagation modeling of moist air and suspended water/ice particles below 1000 GHz , ”, H. J. Liebe, Proc . AGARD 52nd Specialists ’ Meeting Electromagn . Wave Prop . Panel , Palma de Mallorca , Spainpp . 3-1 ? 3-10, , 1993

33. `` A new paradigm in earth environmental monitoring with the CYGNSS small satellite constellation, C. S. RufC. ChewT. LangM. G. MorrisK. NaveA. RidleyR. Balasubramaniam, '' Scientific reportsvol . 8 no . 1 , pp . 1-13, , Jun . 2018

34. `` Prediction of electromagnetic wave propagation in space environments based on geometrical optics, C. KimY . B . Park, '' Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science , vol . 17 , no . 3 , pp . 165-167, , Jul . 2017

35. `` Analysis of propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmospheric hydrometeors on low-elevation paths, M. Grabner, '' Radioengineering , vol . 27 , no . 1 , pp . 29-33, , Apr . 2018

36. “ Rain attenuation studies from radiometric and rain DSD measurements at two tropical locations , ”, T. Halder , et al., Journal of Atmospheric and Solar- Terrestrial Physicsvol . 170 , pp . 11-20, , Feb. 2018

37. `` Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of Earth-space telecommunication systems, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R P. 618-13, , 2017

38. `` Design , implementation , and operation of a small satellite mission to explore the space weather effects, Fajardo , A . A. LidtkeS. A. Bendoukha, LEO , '' Aerospace , vol . 6 , no . 10 , pp . 108, , Sep. 2019

39. “ Comprehensive study on numerical aspects of modified Lorentz model based dispersive FDTD formulations , ”, H. ChoiJ.-W. BaekK.-Y . Jung, IEEE Trans . Antennas and Propagation , vol . 67 , no . 12 , pp . 7643-7648, , Dec. 2019

40. `` Attenuation induced by water vapor along earth-space links : Selecting the most appropriate prediction method, L. Luini, '' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , vol . 65 , no . 7 , pp . 3806-3808, , al.Jul . 2017

41. `` Ionospheric propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of satellite services and systems, P. Series, '' Recommendation ITU-R , 531-14, , 2019

42. `` Five ? day waves in polar stratosphere and mesosphere temperature and mesospheric ice water measured by SOFIE/AIM, X. Liu, '' Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres , vol . 120 , no . 9 , pp . 3872-3887, , Apr . 2015

43. `` Propagation From Geostationary Orbit Satellite to Ground Station Considering Dispersive and Inhomogeneous Atmospheric Environments, C. Kim, '' IEEE Access , vol . 8 , pp.161542-161550, , 2020

44. `` Applying the Parabolic Equation to Tropospheric Groundwave Propagation : A review of recent achievements and significant milestones, P. ZhangL. BaiZ. WuL. Guo, '' IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine , vol . 58 , no . 3 , pp . 31-44, , Apr . 2016

45. `` Evaluation of Ka-band rain attenuation for satellite communication in tropical regions through a measurement of multiple antenna sizes, P. M. Kalaivaanan, '' IEEE Access vol . 8 , pp . 18007-18018, , Jan. 2020

46. “ Comparison of 0.75 ? 24-GHz Reach Distances and Ratios Using Propagation Path Loss Measurements from Urban and Rural Line-of-Sight Environments , ”, S. S. OhJ. W. ChoiJ. W. KimY. C. LeeB. L. Cho, Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Sciencevol . 21 , no.1 pp . 1-7 , Jan. 2021,

47. `` The South Georgia Wave Experiment ( SG ? WEX ) : radiosonde observations of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere . Part I : Energy density , momentum flux and wave propagation direction, T. MoffatGriffin, '' Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , vol . 143 , no.709 , pp . 3279-3290, , Oct. 2017