Regulatory T cells (Tregs) serve as the essential guardians of immune homeostasis, maintaining tolerance to self while restraining excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses. Since their first discovery only 30 years ago, extensive research has b...
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) serve as the essential guardians of immune homeostasis, maintaining tolerance to self while restraining excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses. Since their first discovery only 30 years ago, extensive research has been conducted in understanding their role in health and disease. The heterogenous function of Tregs across different tissues and diseases has been shown to be profoundly context-dependent. Treg instability or insufficiency has been shown to contribute to autoimmune disease and inflammatory disorders. Yet on the other hand, they can exhibit heightened functionality across various cancers, suppressing an effective anti-tumor immune response. This dual nature underscores a central theme in understanding immune regulation, illustrating how the same cellular lineage can adopt such divergent functionalities across immune contexts. This thesis aims to understand this duality by dissecting Treg function in autoimmune disease and cancer. I then seek to address how Treg functionality and stability are conferred during Treg development in the human thymus and aim to elucidate the gene regulatory networks and transcription factors that drive Treg development.
In the first part of my thesis, I interrogate the role of Tregs in the autoimmune disease, psoriasis. Through integrated mass cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing and in-vitro¬ validation, I uncover an impaired Treg trafficking phenotype in the peripheral blood of psoriasis patients, potentially preventing sufficient Treg-mediated suppression of the inflamed, psoriatic skin.
In the second part of my thesis, I profile and compare circulating immune dynamics in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients that have undergone neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade therapy. I uncover systemic activation of effector T cells and highly activated and suppressive regulatory T cells from patients that have undergone combination anti-PD-L1 + anti-CTLA-4 therapy, helping to explain clinical and therapeutic responses.
These findings raised deeper mechanistic questions as to how Treg function is conferred and stabilized and how it can become perturbed. To answer this, I go back to the origins of regulatory T cells where they first develop in the thymus. In the final part of my thesis, I sought to understand the mechanisms that establish and maintain Treg function and stability during lineage commitment and differentiation in the human thymus. By constructing a single-cell multiome human thymus atlas, I uncover the dynamic gene regulatory networks that underlie Treg development in the thymus and develop a framework from which we can understand this lineage-specific regulation. I identify putative transcription factors that drive Treg differentiation and regulate FOXP3 expression. I validate several of these driver-transcription factors utilizing a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout system of primary human thymocytes to demonstrate that loss of these core regulators impairs thymic Treg differentiation.
Together these findings uncover the underlying developmental gene regulatory mechanisms that establish thymic regulatory T cell function and stability and can serve as a valuable resource for the development of stable Treg-based therapies.