The main concern of this treatise is how a human mind comprehends existence of a thing. According to Thomas Aquinas, a thing is a being and it constitutes of essence and existence. Essence is a whatness of a thing and expressed by a definition. But a...
The main concern of this treatise is how a human mind comprehends existence of a thing. According to Thomas Aquinas, a thing is a being and it constitutes of essence and existence. Essence is a whatness of a thing and expressed by a definition. But as a potentiality, essence along is not able to exist. It has to accept existence in order to be. Therefore existence realizes essence and makes it perfect as far as existence means perfection. In other words existence is a power which makes essence to exist. By participation, a thing receives its existence from Existence Itself. However, essence and existence are really distinguished.
In the thought of Thomas Aquinas, human soul consists of three parts which are vegetative, sensitive and rational. Vegetative part can be divided into three parts that are generative, growing and nutritive. External sense and internal sense belong to sensitive part. In external sense there are capabilities of seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, tasting. In internal sense there are common sense, imagination, estimation, memory. Rational part constitutes of active intellect and potential intellect. When the active intellect turns itself to the phantasm and illuminates it, it abstracts an intelligible species from the material and particular characters of phantasm. It engraves the intelligible species upon the potential intellect, of which an expression is a concept.
Thomas Aquinas distinguishes two sorts of activities of the intellect. The first operation of the intellect is grasping the essence of a thing which is called sometimes understanding of undivided. The second operation is a judging, composition and division which comprehends the existence of a thing. But how is it able to be comprehended the existence of a thing in the second operation? I have classified five types of contemporary interpretations concerning this theme. It agrees with the branches of neo Thomisms. Gilson and Owens come under existential Thomism. Hoenen and Lonergan belong to transcendental Thomism. Lee falls within analytic Thomism. Kenny and McInerny belong to Aristotelian Thomism. McNicholl comes under Leonine Thomism. In the perspectives of whether the judgment is combining of two concepts or two intelligible species, whether it reaches to the sense judgment or to the unity of phantasm, the order of comprehension of existence and forming a proposition, the aspects of comprehension of existence, the order of composition and reflection, the relation of comprehension of existence and cognition of truth, the relation of existence and truth in the intellect, each theory of comprehension of existence has common points and differences.
They have relevance to pre-ontological cognitions from which the interpretations of interpreters stem. Pre-ontological cognitions mean transmitted ontological soils by which they are affected and which provide them with ontological perspectives to interpret Thomas Aquinas' theory of comprehension of existence. For instances, existential Thomism refers to existentialism and transcendental Thomism has relevance to transcendentalism and analytic Thomism refers to analytic philosophy and Aristotelian Thomism is connected with Aristotle and Leonine Thomism is related to theology. According to these pre-ontological cognitions, their emphases and perspectives are made and the differences of their interpretations follow.
But does one of these interpretations represent Thomas Aquinas' theory of comprehension of existence better than the others? Or do all these combinations of Thomism and modern ontologies have validities?
The points of each interpretation are existence, thinking, language, substance, Existence Itself. They are what are found in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Substance and Existence Itself are the pre-ontological cognitions of Thomas Aquinas himself. Existence-thinking-language are in the stem of Thomas Aquinas' theory of comprehension of existence. Therefore, each interpretation is what emphasizes the aspects of the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and has validity. However adding to these aspects, including the guides of Thomas Aquinas, we can formulate a synthesis of these. In order to do that we have to examine the common points and differences of each theory and explore the possibility that they would be synthesized preserving their diversity.
Firstly, the aspect of substance is premised. A thing constitutes of substance and accidents, matter and form. Kenny pays attention to this aspect. Secondly, in the aspect of existence, existence has characters of dynamics, actuality, synthesis, temporality. In the correspondence of these characters of existence and judgment Gilson and Owens take an interest. Thirdly, in the aspect of thinking, Hoenen and Lonergan directly approach the judgment phenomenologically without treating propositions. Fourthly, in the aspect of language, Lee integrates all the moments of the second operation into the proposition. Fifthly, in the aspect of Existence Itself, McNicholl assumes the cognition of Existence Itself as the external ground of truth of the ultimate existential judgment, ‘Exists’. It is on the other hand the aspect of ground which of the other interpreters should be presented. Gilson Provides the ground with the act of assimilation and the cognition of being. Owens presents the sense judgment and the principle of contradiction as the ground. Hoenen provides it with the unity of phantasm and the necessity of the nexus. Lonergan presents the cognition of the first principles and the concept of being. Lee provides it with the cognition of conditions of the mind.
But Owens and Lonergan assume that the aspect of the comprehension of existence is intuitive whereas Lee supposes that it is reasoning. On the other hand Owens supposes that the forming a proposition comes after the judgment while Lonergan puts the judgment after the forming of a proposition. McNicholl and Owens assume that after the judgment is the phase of reflection whereas Hoenen and Lonergan set the reflection earlier than the judgment. Gilson and Lee count the two phases as happening at the same time. Lonergan supposes that the composition of intelligible species rises in the judgment while Lee presumably assumes that the combining of concepts happens in the forming a proposition which is integrated with the judgment. Moreover Hoenen supposes that the unity of the ground of the certain comprehension of existence is the unity of phantasm while Owens assumes that it is the sense judgment.
These differences mainly arise because they interpret the term of judgment differently. If judgment is interpreted in a wide sense as including a proposition, the attempt to integrate the judgment into the proposition is possible and it can be asserted that the combining of concepts happens in the judgment like Lee. But if the judgment is interpreted as a consent, it is probable that the judgment comes after the forming a proposition as Lonergan posits. However, if it is limited to the inner activity of synthesizing, it is possible that the judgment comes before the forming a proposition like Owens. And it is probable that the judgment is the composition of intelligible species. On the other hand, if the judgment is the inner activity of synthesizing, the reflection comes after judgment. But if it is consent, the judgment comes after reflection. According to the extent of the judgment, the reflection can be included in the judgment. If the comprehension of existence is limited to the inner activity of synthesizing, the cognition of truth is the ground of it. But If in a wide sense the comprehension of existence is understood as a understanding, existence can be certainly comprehended in the phase of the cognition of truth. In this case, existence and truth are convertible in the intellect. If it is in a narrow sense the comprehension of existence, the aspect of it is intuitive. But if it is the comprehension of existence including the cognition of truth, it is reasoning since it includes the process of reasoning. Lastly, according to what sort of judgment it is, the ground can be found in the sense judgment or in the imagination.
Therefore the differences of each theory have grounds. However the synthesis can be achieved only when the guide of Thomas Aquinas is added to these. Firstly, in the aspect of substance, adding to the composition of substance and accidents, matter and form, there should be the composition of essence and existence. In that case the problem of the comprehension of existence is valid. Secondly, adding to the characters of dynamics, actuality, synthesis, temporality, there should be the character of perfection. Thirdly, in the aspect of thinking, we should start from the insight of Thomas Aquinas that the comprehension of existence arises in the judgment. Fourthly, in the aspect of language, according to the extent of the judgment, it can be included in the proposition or distinguished from it. Fifthly, in the aspect of ground, according to whether they emphasize on the independence of human intellect or the character of participation, they can find the ground on the level of the sense, that is sense judgment or imagination, or they can find it between the two levels, that is the act of assimilation, the first principles, the principle of contradiction, the concept of being, the conditions of the mind, or they can assume that it is on the ultimate level of Existence Itself.