Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin in the B-complex group, and exogenous intake is required for health, growth and development. As a precursor of cofactors, folic acid is required for one-carbon donors in the synthesis of DNA bases and other essent...
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin in the B-complex group, and exogenous intake is required for health, growth and development. As a precursor of cofactors, folic acid is required for one-carbon donors in the synthesis of DNA bases and other essential biomolecules. A lack of dietary folic acid can lead to folic acid deficiency and can therefore result in several health problems, including macrocytic anemia, elevated plasma homocysteine, cardiovascular disease, birth defects, carcinogenesis, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking. Previous studies implied that folic acid might exert a positive effect on skeletal muscle functions. However, the precise roles of folic acid in skeletal muscle differentiation are still poorly understood. In this study, the role of folic acid was investigated by using C2C12 myoblast cells. First, folic acid supplementation to C2C12 cells resulted in increase of formation of multinucleated myotubes, the fusion index, and creatine kinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Western blot analyses revealed that expressions of muscle-specific marker MyHC as well as myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD and myogenin, were increased in folic acid-treated myotubes during myogenic differentiation. Folic acid supplementation stimulated the Akt pathway and this was inhibited by LY294002 in C2C12 cells. This result revealed that Akt was required in mediating the stimulating effect of folic acid supplementation on muscle cell differentiation and fusion. These results indicate that folic acid supplementation stimulates differentiation of C2C12 cells through activation of Akt. Second, the effect of folic acid deficiency on myogenesis in skeletal muscle cells was studied and found that folic acid deficiency induced proliferation inhibition and cell cycle breaking as well as cellular senescence in C2C12 myoblasts, implying that folic acid deficiency influences skeletal muscle development. Folic acid deficiency also inhibited differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and induced deregulation of the cell cycle exit and many cell cycle regulatory genes. Folic acid deficiency inhibited expression of muscle-specific marker MyHC as well as myogenic regulatory factor (myogenin). Moreover, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses revealed that DNA damage was more increased in folic acid-deficient medium-treated differentiating C2C12 cells. Furthermore, folic acid resupplementation reversed the effect on the cell cycle and senescence in folic acid-deficient C2C12 myoblasts but did not reverse the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Altogether, these results suggest that folic acid is necessary for normal development of skeletal muscle cells.