The present research analyzes the cognition of middle-aged women with depression on the whole their life experiences, and find the main cause of melancholia to elucidate the meaning and importance of the transformational learning through their lives.
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The present research analyzes the cognition of middle-aged women with depression on the whole their life experiences, and find the main cause of melancholia to elucidate the meaning and importance of the transformational learning through their lives.
This study is based on in-depth interviews with seven middle-aged women who were chosen from the group of 41 to 59 year-old women registered in BDI(Beck Depression Inventory) and the personal information database. The interviews had lasted for a year and, after that, supplementary interviews were conducted with two out of the seven participants.
The results of this study are as follows.
Firstly, how do middle-aged women with depression express their cognition and influence on experience in growing period at home through their narrative?
The research participants's experiences at home during the growing period took place mainly in home environment and family relation. The elements of the home environment that the participants pointed out include the economic standard of living, the home atmosphere, and the close relation among family's member. The economic standard of living were expressed in three phrases: 'well-supported childhood and self-consciousness', 'daughter as the second beneficiary of education when the family was in need of money' and 'the pain of undertaking household duties in place of mother.' Moreover, the participants commonly perceived the home atmosphere as being 'rigorous and oppressive' while the degree of the close relation among family's member determined the level of familiar unity that the interviewees perceived.
The research participants' cognition of family relation during the growing period was based on three intra-family relation such as the relation with parents, the relation between parents, and the relation with brothers and sisters. The relation with mother was categorized with three primary cognition: 'dissatisfaction with mother's love', 'mother's instructions that emphasized femininity' and 'the irresistible authority of mother's words over daughter.' On the other hand, the relation with father was divided into two categories: 'authoritarian and patriarchal father vs. friendly and open-minded father' and 'instructions about desired life from father.' The interviewees pointed out 'frequent quarrels between father and mother' and 'mother absolutely submissive to father' in the relation between parents, whereas they reminisced about 'various role-learning' and 'inferiority complex derived from comparisons' in the relationship with brothers and sisters.
As a result, the research participants' experiences at home during the growing period were found out to have influenced on each individual's 'self-consciousness and self-esteem,' 'values,' 'personality,' 'way of communication,' and 'gender identity': all these factors serve to build the person's 'cognitive frame.' In addition, some of the experiences at home during the growing period made 'hurts in mind' and affected the cognitive frame of some individuals.
Secondly, how do middle-aged women with depression express their cognition and influence on experience of life-events in adolescence through their narrative?
The research participants' experiences of life events consisted of the experiences in marriage life and the experiences during unexpected crises in life. The experiences in marriage life with husband was categorized into 'confliction: the collision between my way and your way that are different from each other', 'useless talk: my way is forced' and 'silence: self who relieves internally.' To describe the relation with their children, the participants commonly addressed three situations: 'the influence of my parents on my children through myself,' 'strong educational enthusiasm, and even attachment beyond affection,' and 'instructions to children based on my own life experiences' The participant's experiences and cognition of their married lives show that their experiences at home during the growing period affect their adult lives, and that the same childhood experiences also make aftermath effect during the unexpected cries in life.
In conclusion, the 'cognitive frame' and the 'hurts in mind,' both of which were made during the growing periods of the participants, wield influence on their adult lives in the form of stress; at the end, the cognitive frame is consolidated and the hurts in mind are reinforced and multiplied.
Thirdly, how do middle-aged women with depression deal with their change in middle age, and what effect give to their depression through their narrative?
The research participants's middle-age changes appeared in body, psychology, and human relationship. The bodily changes include the menopause and aging. The psychological changes entails the individual's self-evaluation and reflection on their life. The self-evaluation is divided into the 'evaluation of unchanging self' and the 'evaluation of changed self.' The reflection on their lives is classified into three attitudes: 'regret and self-consolation over the past life'; 'sighing and anger over continuous hardships in life' and 'anxiety and hope about the future life.' The changes of the participants' human relationship appeared in the relation with husband, the relation with children, and the relation with aged parents. In the relation with husband, the middle-aged women showed three distinctive emotions: 'lasting confliction and the explosion of accumulated anger', 'the desire to escape from the frame of the relation' and 'seeking and attempting of the change of relation.' In the relation with children, the participants responded with such attitudes as 'the realization of the need of change in parent's role,' and 'seeking of an independent life from children.' In the relation with aged parents, the interviewees showed three attitudes: 'understanding of and compassion with mother's life', 'disappointment and frustration about the unchanging parents' and 'comparative evaluation of my life and parents' lives.
The results of this study show that the research participants' fixed 'cognitive frame' and 'hurts in mind' are maintained through the middle-age changes, and generate such sentiments as regret, sighing, anger, and the sense of frustration. It follows that the four fundamental causes of the middle-aged women's depression are 'fixed cognitive frame,' 'hurts in mind,' 'life event stress,' and 'maladjustment to the middle-age changes.'
Meanwhile, the supplementary interviews of this study show that 'transformational learning' contribute to eliciting 'self-reflection and change' from the research participants. Therefore, it is proved that the transformational learning enables the middle-aged women to change the 'fixed cognitive frame' to the 'flexible cognitive frame' and the emotional scars are to be healed with new meanings, the life event stresses are to be resolved, and the women are enabled to adjust to the middle-age changes.
The results of this have the following three implications.
First, middle-aged women's life experiences can be reinterpreted as a fertile field of learning, and transformational learning may link their life experiences to the maturation of their whole personality.
Second, the middle-age depression, as Mezirow described as dilemma, can be regarded as the proper time for perspective transformation.
Third, the transformational learning in pursuit of the learner's comprehensive change must be the process of healing, while the educator ought to perform the role of healer and the realm of learning should be expanded to that of spirituality.