This study was conducted to provide basic data for nurse education and work guideline development at regional trauma centers by analyzing nursing interventions applied to severe trauma patients who underwent emergency surgery after visiting the trauma...
This study was conducted to provide basic data for nurse education and work guideline development at regional trauma centers by analyzing nursing interventions applied to severe trauma patients who underwent emergency surgery after visiting the trauma center's trauma resuscitation room. For a more systematic nursing intervention analysis, after retrospective medical record analysis, a nursing intervention list was derived based on the NIC nursing intervention classification system, and this was supplemented through focus group discussion. After that, the nursing intervention list was organized by evaluating the internal validity of the expert group, and the final nursing intervention list was derived through a survey of the survey target group nursing severe trauma patients at regional trauma centers, and the importance, difficulty, and frequency of each nursing intervention was analyzed. The subjects of the medical record analysis study were 57 severe trauma patients who underwent emergency surgery after visiting the trauma resuscitation room of the regional trauma center at a university hospital in K City in January, April, July, and October 2020. The focus group study subjects were selected for two groups consisting of four nurses, a total of eight nurses at a regional trauma center at a university hospital in K City, who are well experienced in nursing severe trauma patients, and conducted discussions. The subjects of the expert group study for the validity evaluation were 10 people consisting of nursing professors, nursing unit managers at a university hospital in K City, and general nurses with many years of nursing experience for severe trauma patients. The group of survey subjects for the importance, difficulty, and frequency analysis currently participated in nursing severe trauma patients at the regional trauma center of a university hospital in K City and collected data from 30 nurses with more than 6 months of nursing experience for severe trauma patients. The analysis of the collected data was performed by frequency analysis, mean, and standard deviation using the SPSS 23.0 program.
The results of this study are as follows:
1. The average age of severe trauma patients who underwent emergency surgery, the subject of medical record analysis in this study, was 51.61 years old, and men accounted for 80.7% of gender. The average stay time in the trauma resuscitation room was 199.88 minutes, and the main damage mechanism was 33.3% of traffic accidents in vehicles. 61.4% of hospitalization routes were transferred between hospitals, and Transferring via ambulances were also the most common at 61.4%. The average KTAS grade of the subjects was 2.05, and the progress of treatment was 93.0% of hospitalization in the intensive care unit after surgery. 40.4% of the subjects received blood transfusions in the trauma resuscitation room after visiting the hospital, and the average time it took to receive blood transfusions was 70.56 minutes. The subjects' systolic blood pressure averaged 96.14 mmHg, the average body temperature 36.29 degrees Celsius, the pulse averaged 90.54 times per minute, and the oxygen saturation averaged 96.18%. The subject's GCS was 11.82 points. The most common body areas where the subjects underwent surgery were the abdomen and limbs at 28.1%, respectively, and 70.2% of total subjects suffered damage to many areas. The average ISS score for the subjects was 23.26, and trauma surgery was the most common main department at 26.3%. Most of the types of anesthesia the subjects received during surgery were general anesthesia at 96.5%.
2. A total of 77 nursing interventions were identified as a result of classifying nursing interventions performed on 57 severe trauma patients who underwent emergency surgery after visiting a regional trauma center into the NIC nursing intervention classification system. A total of two focus group discussions were conducted to supplement the nursing interventions obtained after the medical record analysis stage by reflecting the clinical reality, and 78 revised nursing interventions were derived as a result of the discussion. Based on this, the validity survey of the expert group was conducted to make it more valid, and the entire 70 nursing intervention lists derived were evaluated as valid with a CVI coefficient of 0.7 or higher.
3. After a validity evaluation of the expert group, the importance, difficulty, and frequency analysis was conducted on the group of survey subjects who directly participate in the actual nursing of severe trauma patients with a list of preoperative nursing interventions of severe trauma patients. The average importance was 4.39, the average difficulty was 3.09, and the average frequency of performance was 4.26. Among all nursing interventions, artificial resuscitation was the highest required nursing intervention, and gastrointestinal tube management was the lowes.. Nursing intervention with the highest importance was checking patients, and nursing intervention with the lowest importance was self-nursing assistance: defecation and urination. The most difficult intervention was artificial resuscitation, and the lowest difficult nursing intervention was maintaining a bed railing. Nursing intervention performed at the highest frequency was medication: vein, and nursing intervention found to be performed at the lowest frequency was amputated nursing: management of amputated body parts. Nursing interventions, when compared the average scores of importance, difficulty, and frequency of performance, were investigated relatively evenly, were artificial resuscitation, mechanical ventilation management: invasive, shock status check and assessment, respiratory monitoring, oxygen therapy, fluid resuscitation and follow-up, inotropics injections and follow-up, ECG monitoring, bleeding symptoms and signs monitoring, vital sign monitoring, medication: IV, bed rail maintainance, fall down precaution, checking patients, nursing records, consent confirmation and management, education: procedure/treatment, cervical guard maintenance, artificial airway management, airway aspiration, blood product administration and monitoring, neurological monitoring, drug side effects observation and management, surgical preventive measures: aspiration.
This study derives a list of preoperative nursing interventions for severe trauma patients by identifying nursing interventions performed in trauma resuscitation rooms before emergent surgery and reflecting clinical reality and supplementing internal validity. It is also meaningful in that it analyzes the needs perceived by nurses working currently at the regional trauma center to provide more practical and specific basic data for nurse education and development for work guidance in the future.