BK polyomavirus-nephropathy (BKVN) is one of the significant causes of allograft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Current monitoring relies primarily on kidney biopsy and quantitative Nucleic Acid Testing (QNAT), yet limitations and unmet clinica...
BK polyomavirus-nephropathy (BKVN) is one of the significant causes of allograft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Current monitoring relies primarily on kidney biopsy and quantitative Nucleic Acid Testing (QNAT), yet limitations and unmet clinical needs remain. In this study, we evaluated four widely used acute-phase reactants as predictors of BKVN.
We prospectively enrolled 103 kidney transplant recipients who underwent kidney biopsy between June 2023 and May 2024 at Samsung Medical Center. Recipients were classified into BKVN (n=7) and non-BKVN (n=96; 17 rejections, 7 other graft injuries, and 72 nonspecific histopathologic findings). For subgroup analysis, patients who had blood and urine QNAT results and no histologic evidence of rejection or other graft injury were categorized into three groups: (i) No BKV DNA (n=18), (ii) Low-level BKV DNA (n=9), and (iii) High-level BKV DNA (n=11). Residual blood samples were analyzed for serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, and procalcitonin using immunoturbidimetric assay or electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on automated platforms. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were applied and ROC analysis was performed for biomarkers showing significant separation between BKVN and non-BKVN groups.
Among 103 recipients with biopsy results, SAA, CRP, and haptoglobin levels were higher in the BKVN group than in the non-BKVN group (P<0.05). The median (IQR) values of the biomarkers were as follows: For SAA, levels were 11.0 (8.3) mg/L in BKVN, 5.9 (1.75) mg/L in rejections, 6.8 (3.1) mg/L in other graft injuries, and 5.45 (1.87) mg/L in normal/nonspecific findings. For CRP, values were 0.23 (0.24) mg/dL in BKVN, 0.07 (0.34) mg/dL in rejections, 0.09 (0.06) mg/dL in other graft injuries, and 0.06 (0.05) mg/dL in normal/nonspecific findings. Haptoglobin measured 161.6 (57.2) mg/dL in BKVN, 89.5 (109.75) mg/dL in rejection, 69.7 (18) mg/dL in other graft injuries, and 78.1 (55.12) mg/dL in normal/nonspecific findings. ROC analysis (BKVN vs combined non-BKVN) yielded AUCs as follows: SAA, 0.78; CRP, 0.778; haptoglobin, 0.851.
Among the 38 recipients with paired QNAT, SAA and haptoglobin levels were higher in recipients with high-level BKV DNA load than in those with no detectable BKV DNA (P<0.05). For SAA, levels were 5.2 (0.9) mg/L in ‘No BKV DNA’ group, 6.2 (3.65) mg/L in ‘Low-level BKV DNA’ group, 11 (8.7) mg/L in ‘High-level BKV DNA’ group. For CRP, values were 0.07 (0.03) mg/dL in ‘No BKV DNA’ group, 0.06 (0.07) mg/dL in ‘Low-level BKV DNA’ group, and 0.15 (0.31) mg/dL in ‘High-level BKV DNA’ group. For haptoglobin, values were 91.6 (80.05) mg/dL in ‘No BKV DNA’ group, 61.2 (56.75) mg/dL in ‘Low-level BKV DNA’ group, and 154.9 (95.3) mg/dL in ‘High-level BKV DNA’ group, respectively. There was no significant difference in procalcitonin levels according to biopsy findings or QNAT results.
SAA, CRP, and haptoglobin showed measurable associations with biopsy-proven BKVN and high-level BKV DNA replication. These readily available biomarkers may complement current diagnostic strategies and support detection of BKVN. Larger-scale studies and external validation cohorts are required to validate our findings and refine cut-off values.