인지적 및 정서적 공감과 도움행동 = (The) cognitive, emotional empathy and the helpful behavior

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 공감에 인지적 정서적 요소가 있다고 보고, 공감의 요소가 어떻게 작용하며, 공감의 어떠한 요소가 어떤 경로를 통해 이타행동을 불러일으키는가를 알아보았다. 또한 우리가 흔히 피해자에 대해서 공감을 갖는 반면 가해자에 대해서는 공감하지 못하는데, 피해자뿐만 아니라 가해자에 대해서도 인지적 및 정서적 공감이 있으면, 도움행위를 유발시킬 것이라는 가정 하에 첫째로, 인지적 공감과 정서적 공감이 어떤 경로를 통해 도움행동에 영향을 미치는가? 둘째로, 인지적 공감과 정서적공감이 있을 때, 도움행동이 사회적 사건의 피해자뿐만 아니라 가해자에게도 일어나는가? 라는 연구문제를 설정하였다.
그 결과 도움대상이 가해자이냐 피해자이냐에 따라 그 차이가 유의미했으며, 가해자보다는 피해자에게 인지 공감과 정서 공감을 많이 했다. 그리고 정보가 있느냐 없느냐에 따라 정보가 없을 때보다는 정보가 있을 때 인지 공감과 정서 공감을 많이 한 것을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 세부적으로는 가해자-정보 없음 집단과 가해자 정보있음 집단 간에 유의미한 차이를 볼 수 있었는데, 정보가 없는 집단보다 있는 집단에게 유의미하게 인지 공감과 정서 공감을 많이 하였다. 가해자 조건에서도 정보가 없을 때 보다 있을 때 도움행동을 더 주는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 가해자에 대한 정보가 있을 때는 사람들이 인지 공감과 정서 공감 모두를 하게 됨으로써 도움행동을 주는 것으로 판단된다. 이것은 가해자에 대해 새로운 정보를 접했기 때문이며, 피해자-정보 없음 집단에서는 이미 사건의 기사에서 정보가 제공되었다라고 볼 수 있기 때문에 정서공감만이 유의미한 변인으로서 작용한 것으로 보였다.
경로분석에서는 피해자에게 도움행동을 주는 것보다는 가해자에게 사람들이 어떻게 도움행동을 줄 수 있는가에 대한 것이 본 연구의 목적이기 때문에 가해자-정보 없음 집단과 가해자-정보 있음 집단에서 각각 경로분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 '인지→정서→도움행동'모델이 가장 적합하다고 판단 할 수 있다. 이는 인지가 정서에 영향을 미치고, 다시 정서를 일으킴으로 도움행동을 하게 된다는 가설을 검증한 것이다.
이와 같이 문제의 상황과 가해자에 대한 상황을 깊이 공감한다면 가해자에 대해서도 도움이 가능하다는 본 연구의 가설을 입증하게 된 것이다. 만일 가해자에 대한 공감과 함께 가해자에 대한 도움에 관심을 갖는다면 피해자를 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 가해자에 대한 치료와 함께 가해자의 인간성 회복을 위해서도 중요한 문제라고 본다. 왜냐하면 가해자도 엄밀한 의미에서 피해자이며, 그 상처를 치유 받을 권리가 있기 때문이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is researching how elements of sympathy work, which elements cause altruistic behaviors and how the elements cause, on the assumption that recognizable and emotional elements exist in sympathy. In general, people feel sympathy with victims easily but they do not with assaulters. On the assumption that help behaviors can be caused not only to victims but also to assulters if recognizable and emotional sympathy exist, the following researching problems are established.
Researching Problem 1) Through what channel do recognizable sympathy and emotional sympathy affect helping behavions?
Researching Problem 2) If recognizable sympathy and emotional sympathy would exist, could helping behaviors be brought out towards assaulters of social events as well as towards victims?
The target of this research is university students. 400 questionnaires were distrituted to students of the university in Chungcheongnamdo and 391 of them were used for the research with the exception of 9 which were not returned or insincere. The distribution of gender was 227 male(58.1%) and 163 female(41.9%) and the distribution of age was from 19 to 44 (average 22.5). The distribution of religion was 136 Christians(34.8%), 53 Buddhist(13.6%), the others 132(33.8%) and no answer 15(3.8%).
In this research, I treated 4 low-ranking dimensions(Perspective-Taking Scale, Fantasy Scale, Empathic Concern Scale, Personal Distress Scale) in both points of view of victims and assaulters after discussing with specialists and used total 5 questions. The 4 low-ranking dimensions was produced by Davis(1980), who understood that sympathy has multi-dimensional characteristics and divided into 4 low-ranking dimensions. After reading each question, the targets answered their rating criterion between 1 to 7 (1=negative, 4=not positive or negative, 7=positive). The mark * on questions mean that key is reversed. Cronbach'α of the 5 questions was .82.
5 questions about "How can you help victims and assaulters?" was considered and used in the points of view of victims and assaulters after discussing with specialists. After reading the questions, the targets answered their rating criterion between 1 to 7 (1=negative, 4=not positive or negative, 7=positive). Cronbach'α was .92.
At first, to examine the difference of psychological characters among 4 groups (assaulter-No information, assaulter-Information existing, victim-No information, victim-Information existing) t-test and 2 variable quantity analysis was carried out considering the points of 3 criteria (recongiable sympathy, emotional sympathy, helping behavior) as dependant variables. Secondly to examine what kind of psychological changing affects helping behaviors including some meaning, regressive analysis was carried out considering the points of recognizable sympathy and emotional sympathy as a prediction varible, and helping behavior as a dependant variable. Thirdly to examine which element precedes analysis of process was carried. To verify the coincident degree of the processing model, I used AMOS(Analysis of Moment Analysis) 4.01 and SPSS WINDOW 11.0 was used for the other analyses.
In the aspect that the target to help is an assaulter or a victim, the difference is meaningful and more recognizable and emotional sympathy appeared to victims than assaulters. In the aspect of existence or not of information, more recognizable and emotional sympathy appeared in the case that information exists than in the case of no-information. In addition, meaningful difference appeared between the group "assaulter-No information" and the group "assaulter-Information existing" and so groups having information showed meaningfully more recognizable and emotiona sympathy than No-information groups. It is same in the case of assaulters that Information existing group gives more helping behaviors than No-information group. It is understood that people come to have both recognizable and emotion sympathy and give helping behaviors in the case that the information of assaulters exists. It is because people have already obtained the information of assaulters. In the group "victim-No information", because people obtined information through newspapers, emotional sympathy seems to be a only meanful variable.
In the analysis of process, the main objective is how people help assaulters, not victims. Therefore the analysis of process was carried out in the group "victim-No information" and the group "victim-Information existing". The result shows that the model "recognition→emotion→helping behavior" is most appropriate.
This verifies the assumption "recognition affects and reise emotion and as a result of this process people do help behaviors".
Including the question "Is it possible that people do helping behaviors for assaulters as well as for victims?" this research could be considered to have studied helping behaviors to assaulters as well as to victims. As shown above, in the case that people have some information of assaulters, people feel both recognizable and emotional sympathy and so give helping behaviors. It is because they have obtained some information of the assaulter. If people have information of the situation of the event and the situation of the assaulter, it is possible that people help the assaulter. As it were, in usual, though people who help victim is a lot, there is nobody to help assaulter. This is because people have not understood the situation of the assaulter and their recognizable and emotional condition. However if people have recognizable and emotional sympathy with assaulters, it would be possible to help the assaulters. If people would have sympathy and concerns with assaulters, it could be possible to cure assaulters and to recover their humanities as well as to reduce the number of victims. It is because assaulters are also a kind of victims, they have the right to be cured.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 국문초록
• Ⅰ 서론
• 1. 연구의 목적과 필요성 = 1
• 2. 이론적 배경 = 3
• 3. 공감의 요소와 선행연구 = 6
• 4. 연구문제 및 가설 = 12
• Ⅱ 방법
• 1. 연구대상 = 14
• 2. 측정도구 = 14
• 3. 연구절차 = 19
• 4. 분석방법 = 20
• Ⅲ 결과 = 21
• Ⅳ 논의 = 29
• 참고 문헌 = 32
• 부록 1 대구지하철 참사의 개요(피해자 입장) 설문지 = 35
• 부록 2 대구지하철 참사의 개요와 피해자 정황 설문지 = 41
• 부록 3 대구지하철 참사의 개요(가해자 입장) 설문지 = 48
• 부록 4 대구지하철 참사의 개요와 가해자 정황 설문지 = 54
• ABSTRACT = 64