도시유산의 원상 복원과 전형 형성 과정상 갈등과 해법 : —광화문과 돈의문, 북촌과 익선동 한옥을 대상으로— = Conflicts and Solutions related to Reconstruction of Historic State and Formation of Typical Model in Urban Heritage: -Gwanghwamun, Donuimun, Bukchon and Ikseon-dong Hanoks-

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 2023년 기준 서울 도심권 내에서 국가 법률적 차원으로 관리되고 있는 두 종류의 도시유산, (1) <문화재보호법>상 사적 경복궁의 광화문 및 월대와 한양도성의 돈의문, (2) <한옥 등 건축자산 진흥에 관한 법률>상 북촌과 익선동 한옥지역을 대상으로, 각 사례에서 2000년대 이후 나타나는 원상 복원과 전형 형성 과정상 발생하는 갈등 양상에 대해 비교 고찰하여 해법을 찾는 것에 있다.
본 연구의 순서와 방법으로 (1) 선행연구를 정리하여 연구의 차별성 도출, (2) 도시유산, 원형(原形, original form)과 원상(原狀, historic state), 원형(原型, archetype)과 전형(典型, typical model) 개념, 문화유산의 해석(interpretation)과 설명(presentation)에 관한 이론적 고찰, (3) 광화문 월대와 돈의문 복원시 나타나는 사적의 건축적 확장과 갈등 분석, (4) 북촌 지하층과 익선동 마당 상부구조물 조성시 나타나는 도시한옥의 건축적 확장과 갈등 분석의 순서로 진행했다. 이를 위해 문헌조사, 고지도·사진·도면 수집 및 조사, 대상지 방문 조사 및 공청회 참여 등 현장 관찰, 대면 및 서면 인터뷰를 수행했다.
연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 광화문 월대 복원 사례를 통해 멸실된 지정 문화유산이 도시를 향해 건축적 확장을 시도하며 실물 복원될 경우, 다양한 이해당사자들의 상반된 문화유산 해석의 관점으로 인해 해결되기 어려운 사회적 갈등이 발생할 수 있음을 알 수 있으며, 결국 다양한 해석 수렴보다는 관의 목표지향적 과업이 완수되었음을 알 수 있다. 월대와 돈의문 사례 비교를 통해 멸실된 지정 문화유산의 국가 주도적 복원시 현시대에 걸맞는 원상 기반 포용적 해석 및 설명 전략의 필요성을 알 수 있다. 일례로 월대를 시각적, 가상적으로 체험할 수 있는 ‘디지털 기술 기반 문화유산 해석과 설명의 장치’가 월대 실물 복원 과정에서 동원되었다면 일방향식 공청회나 설명보다 한결 나은 소통의 장치가 되었을 것이다. 또한 관은 돈의문 실물 복원을 다시 계획하고 있는데 광화문 월대 갈등 사례를 반면교사 삼아 더욱 심각한 갈등이 발생할 수 있음을 주시하고 포용적 해석 및 설명 전략을 바탕으로 보다 면밀하게 이해당사자와 공동체를 대상으로 역량강화 및 교육 프로그램을 진행하여 실물 복원 여부를 결정할 필요가 있다. (2) 북촌 한옥은 2000년대 이후 기존 한옥과는 이질적인 지하층이 조성되기 시작했다. 이는 한옥에 대한 국가·정책적 보조를 바탕으로 시민의 실용적 요구가 반영된 이질적인 건축적 확장이었다. 이에 따라 보조금 지급시 한옥인지를 판단해야 하는 관, 지역사회와 갈등이 일어났으며 이는 결과적으로 한옥의 새로운 전형이 형성되어 가는 과정이었음을 알 수 있다. 북촌와 익선동 한옥 사례 비교를 통해 비지정 문화유산의 시민 요구에 의한 건축 및 확장시 전형 기반 유산화 과정이 지속적으로 요구됨을 알 수 있다. 2000년대 이후 무단으로 대량 설치된 익선동 마당 상부구조물 양성화를 위해서는 북촌 한옥 지하층의 조성처럼 유산화 과정의 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 공론화가 필요하며 한옥에 걸맞는 마당 구조물을 유도할 수 있는 교육이 필요하다. 또한 우수 사례 발굴을 통해 한옥의 전형에 대한 세부적 기준을 협의하고 설정해 가는 해석과 설명의 과정이 요구된다. (3) 종합적으로, 역사적 ‘원상’을 추구하는 관주도 사업은 그 과정에서 신축적 태도를 가져야 한다. 또한 ‘한옥의 전형’이 만들어져 온 것처럼 복원의 결과에 있어서 어떠한 융통성이 왜 적용되었는가를 대중에게 강조하고 이해시킬 필요가 있다. 전통적 건축물에 현대적 요소가 어떻게, 왜 접목되었는지에 대한 해석과 설명이 확대, 강조될 필요가 있다. 한편 기존 한옥과 현대적 건축 요소 사이의 타협점을 지속적으로 만들어 가고 발전시키는 ‘한옥의 전형’도 중요하지만, 한옥 지역의 유산적 가치 보전을 위해 전문가의 개입을 바탕으로 한 한옥의 정체성과 적용가능한 ‘원상’을 발굴하는 해석·설명의 장치가 거버넌스 및 커뮤니티 기반으로 필요하다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서 론 ······························································································································ 1
• 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 ······························································································· 1
• 1.2 연구의 대상 및 범위 ······························································································· 4
• 1.2.1 연구 대상의 선정 ······························································································ 4
• 1.2.2 연구의 공간·시간적 범위 ··············································································· 15
• 1.3 선행연구 정리 및 연구 방법 ················································································ 18
• 1.3.1 선행연구 정리 및 본 연구의 차별성 ···························································· 18
• 1.3.2 연구의 순서와 방법 ························································································ 34
• 2. 이론적 고찰 및 문제 ····························································································· 37
• 2.1 이론적 고찰 ············································································································ 37
• 2.1.1 도시유산(urban heritage) ················································································· 37
• 2.1.2 원상(原狀, historic state)과 전형(典型, typical model) ······························· 41
• 2.1.3 문화유산의 해석(interpretation)과 설명(presentation) ·································· 50
• 2.2. 용어 정리 및 연구의 문제 ··················································································· 55
• 2.2.1 용어 정리 ········································································································· 55
• 2.2.2 연구의 문제 ······································································································ 56
• 3. 경복궁 광화문 및 월대와 한양도성 돈의문 ·················································· 59
• 3.1 월대 복원 과정의 갈등과 결과 ············································································ 59
• 3.1.1 광화문 및 월대 복원의 경과 ········································································· 59
• 3.1.2 갈등과 해석의 관점: 원상에 대한 역사와 기억의 대립 ···························· 76
• 3.1.3 원상에 대한 설명과 반목하는 해석 ······························································ 98
• 3.2 돈의문 복원 계획의 갈등과 결과 ······································································ 107
• 3.2.1 한양도성과 돈의문 복원의 경과 ································································· 107
• 3.2.2 갈등의 양상: 원상과 현실적 상황의 괴리 ················································· 111
• 3.2.3 원상 복원의 실패에 따른 설명의 방법 ······················································ 129
• 3.3 원상 기반 포용적 해석 및 설명 전략의 필요성 ·············································· 135
• 4. 북촌 한옥 지하층과 익선동 한옥 마당 상부구조물············································ 145
• 4.1 북촌 한옥 지하층 조성의 갈등과 결과 ····························································· 145
• 4.1.1 이질적 지하층을 가진 한옥의 등장 ···························································· 145
• 4.1.2 갈등과 해석의 관점: 한옥의 모습을 둘러싼 이견 ···································· 162
• 4.1.3 한옥 지하층 전형에 대한 해석과 설명 ······················································ 173
• 4.2 익선동 한옥 마당 상부구조물 설치의 갈등 ····················································· 179
• 4.2.1 한옥 마당 상부를 뒤덮는 구조물 ······························································· 179
• 4.2.2 갈등의 양상: 위법 한옥의 양산 ·································································· 199
• 4.2.3 전형 해석과 설명의 필요성 ········································································· 206
• 4.3 전형 기반 유산화의 과정의 지속적 요구 ························································· 211
• 5. 결 론 ·························································································································· 219