The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of midlife crisis experienced by new middle-aged women aged 50 to under 65 on their overall quality of life, and to identify the interaction mechanism between meaning in life and cognitive flexibili...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of midlife crisis experienced by new middle-aged women aged 50 to under 65 on their overall quality of life, and to identify the interaction mechanism between meaning in life and cognitive flexibility in this process. To this end, an online survey using Google Forms was conducted with 305 new middle-aged women nationwide, and the moderated moderation effect was verified using Hayes's (2022) three-way interaction analysis method.
The findings based on the research hypotheses can be summarized as follows.
First, midlife crisis had a significant negative (-) effect on the quality of life of new middle-aged women, while meaning in life and cognitive flexibility had significant positive (+) effects. That is, the higher the meaning in life and cognitive flexibility, the significantly higher the quality of life of new middle-aged women.
Second, the two-way moderating effects of meaning in life and cognitive flexibility, each considered individually, on the relationship between midlife crisis and quality of life were not statistically significant.
Third, in the three-way interaction model incorporating midlife crisis, meaning in life, and cognitive flexibility simultaneously, the moderated moderation effect was found to be significant. Specifically, Johnson-Neyman analysis confirmed that when cognitive flexibility remained at a low level, the negative effect of midlife crisis on quality of life persisted even when meaning in life was high; however, in the group whose cognitive flexibility exceeded a certain threshold, the decline in quality of life caused by midlife crisis was substantially alleviated.
Fourth, when the subfactors of meaning in life were analyzed separately, the two-way moderating effects of presence of meaning and search for meaning, each on its own, were both not statistically significant. However, in the three-way interaction models combined with cognitive flexibility, the three-way interactions of presence of meaning × cognitive flexibility and search for meaning × cognitive flexibility were each significant, indicating that moderated moderation effects were at work.
The academic and practical implications of these findings are as follows.
First, rather than viewing the relationship between the psychological crisis experience and quality of life of new middle-aged women as a simple cause-and-effect relationship, this study examined how multiple psychological conditions operate together, confirming that the influence of midlife crisis can vary depending on how an individual's internal resources are combined.
Second, meaning in life alone did not alleviate the pathway through which midlife crisis lowers quality of life, but it was confirmed that meaning in life functions as a protective mechanism alleviating this pathway only when combined with cognitive flexibility. This serves as evidence supporting the need for intervention programs that address meaning in life and cognitive flexibility together in counseling and counselor training settings.
Third, it was confirmed that presence of meaning and search for meaning, the subfactors constituting meaning in life, both showed a common moderated moderation effect of significantly alleviating the negative effect of midlife crisis under conditions of low cognitive flexibility when combined with cognitive flexibility. This suggests the need to approach meaning in life not as a single concept but multidimensionally by subdividing its internal structure.
Fourth, this study provides concrete evidence for counseling interventions aimed at enhancing the psychological well-being of new middle-aged women facing midlife crisis. In particular, it presents concrete practical directions for developing and applying in the field an integrated counseling program linking the enhancement of cognitive flexibility with the exploration of meaning in life.
Fifth, in the face of a rapidly aging society, this study presents empirical evidence for policy-level and practice-level interventions to help new middle-aged women overcome the psychological crises they experience. This is expected to serve as useful foundational data for building counseling services and psychological support systems for new middle-aged women in the future.