Comparative study On Maritime Law of Iran, S.Korea and England with focus on Arrest of Ships : Comparative study On Maritime Law of Iran, S.Korea and England with focus on Arrest of Ships

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract ______________________________________________________________ II
• Declaration _____________________________________________________________ IV
• Acknowledgements __________________________________________________________________ V
• List of Abbreviations ________________________________________________________________ VI
• Approval _______________________________________________________________ VII
• Copyright ____________________________________________________________ VIII
• CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________ 1
• 1. GENERAL __________________________________________________________________ 1
• 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY _____________________________________________________ 7
• 1.2. SCOPE __________________________________________________________________ 9
• 1.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL _____________________________________ 11
• CHAPTER II :THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR ARREST OF SHIPS __ 13
• 2.1. 1952 Arrest Convention ___________________________________________________________ 13
• 2.1.1. Legislative History _____________________________________________________ 14
• 2.1.2. Review on 1952 Arrest Convention ________________________________________ 15
• 2.2. 1999 Arrest Convention __________________________________________________________ 20
• 2.2.1. Legislative History _____________________________________________________________ 20
• 2.2.2. Most notable new insertions in the 1999 Convention ___________________________________ 21
• 2.2.3. Review on 1999 Arrest Convention ________________________________________________ 22
• 2.3. Conclusion 26
• CHAPTER III: ARREST OF SHIP UNDER THE LAW OF ENGLAND _________ 29
• 3.1. History and legal system of England 29
• 3.2. History of Maritime Law and Admiralty jurisdiction_____________________________________ 31
• 3.3. English Legal System for Arrest of ships ______________________________________________ 33
• 3.3.1. Source of admiralty jurisdiction ___________________________________________________ 34
• 3.3.3. Jurisdictions___________________________________________________________________ 36
• 3.4. Framework and tactical concept for Arrest of ship _______________________________________ 37
• 3.4.1. Purpose of Arrest of ship _________________________________________________________ 37
• 3.4.2. Admiralty Jurisdiction ___________________________________________________________ 38
• 3.4.3. Claims permit Arrest of Ships _____________________________________________________ 40
• 3.5. The Framework of Arrest of ships under English Law ____________________________________ 43
• 3.5.1. Enforcement of claim by In personam (Action) claim __________________________________ 44
• 3.5.2. Enforcement of claim by in rem (Action) claim _______________________________________ 45
• 3.5.2.1. Roots of Action in Rem and in Persona _________________________________________ 46
• 3.5.2.2. Procedure of in rem claim ____________________________________________________ 47
• 3.5.3. Enforcement of claim by an action quasi in rem _______________________________________ 48
• 3.5.4. Advantage of Action in Rem ______________________________________________________ 48
• 3.5.5. Enforcement of Maritime Lien ____________________________________________________ 50
• 3.5.6. Ship Mortgages ________________________________________________________________ 53
• 3.6. Procedure for Arrest of Ships in England ______________________________________________ 54
• 3.6.1. Documents____________________________________________________________________ 54
• 3.6.2. Organizing the Arrest ___________________________________________________________ 55
• 3.6.3. Serving the Warrant ____________________________________________________________ 55
• 3.6.4. Caution against release __________________________________________________________ 56
• 3.6.5. Security for Release of the Ship ___________________________________________________ 57
• 3.6.6. The Possibility of Re-arrest _______________________________________________________ 58
• 3.7. Arrest of Sister Ships______________________________________________________________ 59
• 3.8. Counter Security _________________________________________________________________ 61
• 3.9. Wrongful Arrest __________________________________________________________________ 62
• 3.10. Selling the Ship 64
• CHAPTER IV: THE LAW OF ARREST OF SHIPS IN SOUTH KOREA _______________ 65
• 4.1. Legal System ____________________________________________________________________ 65
• 4.1.1. Source of law __________________________________________________________________ 67
• 4.1.2. Court System __________________________________________________________________ 68
• 4.1.3. Jurisdiction ___________________________________________________________________ 70
• 4.1.4. Claims permits Arrest of Ships ____________________________________________________ 72
• 4.2. The applicable Law for Arrest of ships ________________________________________________ 74
• 4.2.1. Provisional Attachment __________________________________________________________ 74
• 4.2.2. Provisional Disposition __________________________________________________________ 76
• 4.2.2. Maritime Lien _________________________________________________________________ 78
• 4.2.4. Arrest of Ships by Final Judgment _________________________________________________ 81
• 4.3. General Application and Procedure for Arrest of Ship ____________________________________ 81
• 4.3.1. Application ___________________________________________________________________ 81
• 4.3.2. Representation by Counsel _______________________________________________________ 85
• 4.3.3. Court Hearing _________________________________________________________________ 85
• 4.3.4. Notifying the Responden _________________________________________________________ 86
• 4.3.5. Counter security provide by claimant _______________________________________________ 86
• 4.3.6. Enforcement of provisional attachment ______________________________________________ 88
• 4.3.7. Obligation of owner after Arrest ___________________________________________________ 88
• 4.3.8. Release of a ship _______________________________________________________________ 89
• 4.3.9. Supervision of Arrested Vessels ___________________________________________________ 92
• 4.3.10. Attachment of Sister Ship ____________________________________________________ 93
• 4.3.11. Wrongful Arrest and its Liability _______________________________________________ 94
• 4.4. Judicial sale of Ships ______________________________________________________________ 95
• 4.5. Arresting Bunker ________________________________________________________________ 96
• 4.6. The Cost and Potential Liability _____________________________________________________ 96
• CHAPTER V: ARREST OF SHIP UNDER THE LAW OF IRAN ___________________ 99
• 5.1. Overview of Maritime Law of Iran 99
• 5.2. Legal system of Arrest of ships in Iran 104
• 5.2.2. Conceptual approach ___________________________________________________ 105
• 5.2.3. The purpose of Arrest of ship _____________________________________________ 106
• 5.2.4. Consequences of Ship Arrest 107
• 5.3. THE APPLICABLE LAW FOR ARREST OF SHIPS __________________________________ 108
• 5.3.2. Sources of law ________________________________________________________ 108
• 5.3.4. Admiralty Court system and jurisdiction ____________________________________ 109
• 5.3.5. Claims permit Arrest of Ships_____________________________________________ 110
• 5.3.6. Jurisdiction and Merit of the claim _________________________________________ 111
• 5.4. GENERAL APPLICATION AND PROCEDURE FOR ARREST OF SHIPS ___________________ 113
• 5.4.1. Provisional Attachment (Civil Procedure Code) ______________________________ 114
• 5.4.1.1. Concepts of Provisional Security _____________________________________________ 115
• 5.4.1.2. Provisional Order _________________________________________________________ 116
• 5.4.1.3. Application for provisional Attachment _______________________________________ 118
• 5.4.1.3.1 Rules of Submission of petition ___________________________________________ 120
• 5.4.1.3.2. Stipulation of Petition __________________________________________________ 121
• 5.4.1.3.3. Attached Documents,(to Petition) _________________________________________ 121
• 5.4.1.3.4. Power of Attorney _____________________________________________________ 122
• 5.4.1.3.5. Notifying the respondent and Enforcement of Arrest Order ______________________ 123
• 5.4.1.4. Wrongful arrest and Counter-security ________________________________________ 123
• 5.4.1.5. Release procedure _______________________________________________________ 125
• 5.4.1.6. Arrest of sister ship ______________________________________________________ 126
• 5.4.2. Temporary restraining orders (TRO) _______________________________________ 127
• 5.4.3. Maritime Lien (Maritime Code) _________________________________________________ 128
• 5.4.3.1. Concept and Characteristics of maritime liens___________________________________ 129
• 5.4.3.2. Claims which give rise to Maritime Lien ______________________________________ 132
• 5.4.3.3. Priority of Preferred Rights _________________________________________________ 135
• 5.4.3.4. Priority of Claims on Same Ship ____________________________________________ 136
• 5.4.3.5. Priority of Claims in Respect of Removing Wrecks ______________________________ 136
• 5.4.3.6. Limitation of Action on Maritime Property ____________________________________ 137
• 5.4.3.7. Payment of Preferred Claims _______________________________________________ 138
• 5.4.3.8. Effect of Non-payment of Preferred Claims ____________________________________ 138
• 5.4.3.9. ___________________________________________ Payment when there is a Mortgage 139
• 5.4.3.10. When Maritime Lien distinguished __________________________________________ 139
• 5.5. Judicial sale proceedings 140 5.6. Arresting Bunker 142 5.7. The Cost and Potential liability 144
• CHAPTER VI: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON LAW OF ARREST OF SHIPS_____ 146
• 6.1. LEGAL APPROACH FOR ARREST OF SHIPS IN NUTSHELL _____________________________ 146
• 6.1.2. English Law (Common Law) ____________________________________________________ 148
• 6.1.3. Korean law (civil law) __________________________________________________________ 149
• 6.1.4. Iranian Law (Civil Law) ________________________________________________ 150
• 6.2. Claims permits Arrest of Ships _____________________________________________________ 153
• 6.2.1. International Conventions ______________________________________________________ 154
• 6.2.2. Under English, Korean and Iranian Laws ___________________________________________ 155
• 6.3. Ships that can be Arrested by Claimants _____________________________________________ 158
• 6.3.1. Exercise of right of Arrest of other Ships of owner____________________________________ 159
• 6.3.2. Arrest of Sister Ship ___________________________________________________________ 161
• 6.3.2.1. International Conventions ___________________________________________________ 162
• 6.3.2.2. English Law _____________________________________________________________ 163
• 6.3.2.3. Korean Law ____________________________________________________________ 165
• 6.3.2.4. Iranian Law ______________________________________________________________ 165
• 6.3.3. The arrest of sister ships by piercing the corporate veil ________________________________ 167
• 6.3.3.1. International Conventions ___________________________________________________ 168
• 6.3.3.2. English law ______________________________________________________________ 168
• 6.3.3.3. Korean law ______________________________________________________________ 169
• 6.3.3.4. Iranian law ______________________________________________________________ 170
• 6.3.4. The arrest of ʹdeemedʹ sister ships owned by charterers ________________________________ 174
• 6.3.4.1. Conventions 1952 and 1999 _________________________________________________ 174
• 6.3.4.2. English law ______________________________________________________________ 175
• 6.3.4.3. Korean law ______________________________________________________________ 175
• 6.3.4.4. Iranian law ______________________________________________________________ 176
• 6.3.5. The arrest of „associated‟ ships ___________________________________________________ 178
• 6.4. Wrongful Arrest _________________________________________________________________ 180
• 6.4.1. International Conventions ______________________________________________________ 181
• 6.4.2. English Laws. ________________________________________________________________ 182
• 6.4.3. Korean Law __________________________________________________________________ 183
• 6.4.4. Iranian Law __________________________________________________________________ 183
• 6.5. Release of Ship 185
• 6.5.1. International Convention ________________________________________________________ 186
• 6.5.2. English Law __________________________________________________________ 186
• 6.5.3. Korean law __________________________________________________________________ 187
• 6.5.4. Iranian Law __________________________________________________________________ 188
• 6.6. CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________ 188
• CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION ______________________________________________ 192
• BIBLIOGRAPHY: REFERENCES MATERIALS _______________________________ 199
• I. BOOKS _______________________________________________________________ 199
• II. ARTICLES AND OTHERS __________________________________________________ 200