국가관할권 이원지역(ABNJ)에서의 국제해양법질서와 향후 과제: 해양유전자원에 관한 국제레짐 논의를 중심으로 = Current Developments and Challenges on the International Regime on the Law of the Sea in the Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Focusing on Developments regarding the International Regime for Marine Genetic Resources

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the emergence of bio-economy period in the 21st century, biological resources and genetic resources have become the objects of protection as fundamentals for bio-engineering industry as well as the basis for high value-added new industry. The value created from 1 kg of biological resources and their derivatives is estimated more than 1,200~2,000 times of that of gasoline. The rapid development of bio-engineering industry has given rise to the fierce competition for biological resources among countries and a number of developed countries and users countries of resources have kept their efforts to secure more useful biological resources abroad in order to develop new medicine, new food, and new materials.
With the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992, the international community has reaffirmed the national jurisdiction of each state over biological resources. However, CBD has, in principle, applied to the components of biological diversity in areas within the limits of national jurisdiction, and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) had at the time of its adoption, merely considered marine genetic resources in 1982. Thus, it is true that international regime for the area beyond national jurisdiction is still at the stage of principle.
This paper, from the perspective of territorial jurisdiction, compares the international regime for marine genetic resources in area within the limits of national jurisdiction and that of area beyond national jurisdiction, and further explores the possibilities of application of current international regimes to marine genetic resources, including CBD, Nagoya Protocol, UNCLOS, etc. Moreover, it analyses the possible direction of discussions both for the marine genetic resources in area beyond national jurisdiction and for the international regime for such resources.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

21세기 바이오 경제시대가 대두되면서 생물자원과 유전자원은 생명공학산업의 기초자원으로서 보호의 대상인 동시에 고부가가치 신성장산업의 근간이 되고 있다. 생물자원(biological resources) 및 그 파생물(derivatives) 1㎏이 창출하는 가치는 휘발유에 비해 약 1,200~2000배 이상의 가치를 갖고 있다고 평가되고 있다. 생명공학산업의 급성장은 그 원천소재가 되는 생물자원에 대한 국가간의 치열한 확보경쟁을 불러일으키고 있으며, 다수의 선진국과 자원이용국은 신약, 식품, 신물질 등을 개발하고자 더 많고 더 유용한 해외 생물자원을 확보하기 위하여 박차를 가하고 있다. 1992년 ‘생물다양성협약(Convention on Biological Diversity: CBD)’의 채택을 계기로 국제적으로 개별국가의 생물주권이 재확인되었다. 생물다양성협약은 원칙적으로 생물다양성의 구성요소에 대해서는 ‘국가관할권 내의 지역(in areas within the limits of its national jurisdiction)’에 적용되고, 유엔해양법협약도 1982년 채택 당시 해양유전자원에 관한 고려가 미흡하였다. 따라서 국가관할권 이원지역에 관한 국제레짐은 해양생물다양성의 보전과 지속가능한 이용에 대한 일반적인 원칙 수준에 머물고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 ‘영토관할권(territorial jurisdiction)’ 관점에서 국가관할권 내의 해양유전자원에 관한 국제레짐과 국가관할권 이원지역(Area Beyond National Jurisdiction: ABNJ)에서의 국제레짐을 비교하고, 생물다양성협약, 나고야 의정서, 유엔해양법협약 등 현행 국제규범의 적용가능성을 살펴보았다. 또한, 국가관할권 이원지역에서의 해양유전자원에 관한 논의 동향, 향후 국제레짐의 방향에 대해 분석해 보았다.

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