In conventional Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells, an intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) layer is typically inserted between the buffer layer and the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) to facilitate charge extraction and to stabilize the heterointerfac...
In conventional Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells, an intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) layer is typically inserted between the buffer layer and the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) to facilitate charge extraction and to stabilize the heterointerface. However, this additional interlayer inevitably introduces extra series resistance, which can impede carrier transport and therefore constrain device performance. From a processing perspective, removing the i-ZnO layer would simplify the device stack and could even be beneficial for electrical characteristics, yet its absence during high temperature TCO deposition raises concerns such as enhanced elemental interdiffusion and defect generation at the junction. In this study, we systematically investigate the coupled influence of the i- ZnO layer and the TCO deposition temperature on the performance of CZTSSe devices. Particular attention is given to the configuration in which the i-ZnO layer is omitted and the TCO is deposited at room temperature. This combination effectively suppresses interface damage while simultaneously minimizing series resistance. Devices fabricated under these conditions exhibit superior photovoltaic performance compared to counterparts employing i-ZnO and/or high-temperature TCO processes. These findings indicate that an i- ZnO-free architecture combined with room-temperature TCO deposition can not only streamline the fabrication sequence but also provide a cost-effective route toward early-stage industrial implementation.