This thesis aims to investigate how the changes of women's characteristics in recent years affect the trends of income inequality among women and which factors are the most influential on theses changes. Regarding the income inequality, most previous ...
This thesis aims to investigate how the changes of women's characteristics in recent years affect the trends of income inequality among women and which factors are the most influential on theses changes. Regarding the income inequality, most previous studies focused on the distribution of income or earnings as a whole. Thus, Women are regarded as men in the same manner, which cannot reflect women's special features in the labour market as well as in the family.
In order to figure out the income inequality among women, this study has the following three research questions. First, what are the trends of income inequality among women since 1997 financial crisis? This question is solved by looking at several inequality measures, such as the percentile ratio, the income shares, the Gini coefficient and the mean logarithmic deviation(MLD) for past ten years. Second, what are the causes of income inequality among women? For this question, the MLD is decomposed by individual characteristics, labor market characteristics and household characteristics. Finally, what are the causes of income inequality change among women? Using the decomposition technique of inequality change during the certain period, I calculated three mutually exclusive effects, first, the 'pure' inequality changes, second, effects from changes of numbers in different groups and effects resulting from changes in the relative incomes of different groups.
Data used here are the ten waves(1998~2007) of Korean Labor Income Panel Study(KLIPS). Household data are merged by individual data. The sample consists of the women aged over 18 years. The income inequality is measured by the household income after adjusting for family size by dividing income by the square root of family size.
This study has found the following facts: First, the overall trend of income inequality among women has decreased since the 1997 financial crisis, but it starts to increase again recently. In terms of income share, the share of the lowest decile has increased, while the share of the fifth has decreased.
Second, the influential factors of the income inequality change among women were education, assortative mating, age, marital status. Among these factors, women's education level and assortative mating have contributed to these changes compared to other factors during the analysis period. This result was similar to findings of previous studies about the causes of income inequality. Relative contributions of employment status, industry, occupation were low and those of age, marital status were increasing high. This results reveal that the effects of age and marital status on income inequality is more important than labor market factors. These findings implies that it is necessary to implement social policies to reduce income inequality among women in different marital status and different generations.
Third, the income inequality changes are affected by the following factors. the increase of the elderly and their lower income have worsened income distribution among women. The educational attainment of women has a positive effect to reduce income inequality before 2001 and a negative effect after 2001. Meanwhile, the increase of women's labour participation has an equalizing effect, but the economic status of women with a temporary job is still more vulnerable than any other groups. Moreover, income distribution among women has more equalized due to the increase of women in the service industry and the decrease of income difference among occupational groups. Finally, the increase of family disruption, such as divorce or separation, has a negative effect on income distribution and the decrease of relative income of assortative mating had an equalizing effect since 2001.
This study suggest the following social welfare policies based on the above findings. First, it is needed to implement labor market policy for the young women to get rid of gender discrimination and to create 'decent jobs' for the middle aged women. Second, social security system need to be reformed for women in poverty. Since women in lower class are more likely to be interrupted in their labor market career, 'childcare credit' should be enacted for women to be covered by the public pension as a qualified beneficiary. The credit should be expanded for women caring for one or more children and the period should be extended to actual child care years. In addition, the income splitting should be allowed for the all married women. Currently, women can claim the pension split when she divorces and her spouses are qualified for the pension, which puts women on an extremely vulnerable economic status when they divorce and makes them dependent upon their spouses.
Third, child care service needs to be expanded to meet the actual needs of women during childbirth and school ages, which supports women to participate into the labour market as a worker, increases their economic status in the household and decreases income inequality.