Skull base defects require effective reconstruction to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and meningitis, yet current materials suffer from limitations such as poor adhesion and slow biodegradation. To address this, a joint research team from t...
Skull base defects require effective reconstruction to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and meningitis, yet current materials suffer from limitations such as poor adhesion and slow biodegradation. To address this, a joint research team from the Department of Precision Medicine and the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine developed a bilayered, shape-memory Collagen/Silk-Fibroin/α-tricalcium phosphate (CST) composite scaffold mimicking the skull base structure. This study aimed to validate the preclinical in vivo efficacy and safety of this scaffold using a rat calvarial defect model. Rats were randomly assigned to Defect (untreated), Col (collagen-only), or CST groups. Eight weeks post-implantation, effects and safety were evaluated using computed tomography, histology, and hematologic analysis. The CST group demonstrated superior bone regeneration both in volume (CST group 27.4 [25.5–42.6] mm³ vs. Col group 17.1 [14.0–18.4] mm³, p = 0.060) and areas (CST group 2170.0 [2010.4–4388.6] ×10³ µm² vs. Col group 893.5 [744.9–923.6] ×10³ µm², p = 0.060) compared to the Col group. Although statistical significance was marginal due to the limited sample size, effect size analysis (Cohen’s d > 2.0) confirmed the superiority of the CST group. Neovascularization was also notably higher in the CST group (CST group 82 [26–99] vessels vs. Col group 44 [27–47] vessels, p = 0.265, Cohen’s d = 1.06), indicating potential efficacy. Dural regeneration was comparable between groups (p = 0.681). Safety assessments confirmed clinical safety, with tissue reactions classified as "slight irritant" per ISO standards and no systemic inflammation in hematologic evaluation. In conclusion, the shape-memory CST composite scaffold developed in this study demonstrated superior efficacy in bone regeneration and neovascularization, along with favorable biocompatibility. Specifically, the activation of mechanotransduction pathways by α-tricalcium phosphate appears to create a favorable microenvironment for osteogenesis. Given its ease of endoscopic delivery through nasal passages and ability to provide customized defect closure, this scaffold would represent an effective and safe alternative to conventional materials for reconstructing skull base defects associated with CSF leakage.