The Lambda cold dark matter cosmology (ΛCDM) successfully explains the formation and evolution of large-scale structures in the Universe. However, on smaller galactic scales, tensions and open questions remain regarding the discrepancy between theore...
The Lambda cold dark matter cosmology (ΛCDM) successfully explains the formation and evolution of large-scale structures in the Universe. However, on smaller galactic scales, tensions and open questions remain regarding the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and observations. In particular, the complex interactions between galaxies and their environments, as well as their impacts on galaxy evolution, are not yet fully understood. Satellite galaxies are ideal laboratories for studying these interactions. Based on a suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, this thesis addresses three key questions regarding the reciprocal evolution of satellite galaxies and their environments: (1) How does the group/cluster environment affect the star formation histories, quenched fractions, and quenching timescales of satellite galaxies? (2) Under what conditions do low-mass dark matter subhalos succeed or fail to host luminous galaxies, and how can we understand the missing satellite problem from the perspectives of baryonic physics and environment? (3) How do satellites contribute to the evolution of their host clusters, and how can we trace their assembly histories through the luminous components?
Since these questions address different physical scales and processes, we employ a multiscale simulation suite strategy, rather than relying on a single simulation. We utilize HORIZON-AGN for large-scale statistical analysis, NEWHORIZON and NEWHORIZON2 for high-resolution studies at the Local Group scale, and NEWCLUSTER for detailed investigations at the cluster scale. We also consistently identify structures across all simulations using the robust halo finder, ADAPTAHOP.
First, using HORIZON-AGN, we investigate how dense environments affect the star formation histories (SFHs), quenched fractions, and quenching timescales of satellite galaxies compared to field galaxies. We find that environmental quenching has a cumulative effect on the SFHs of lowmass satellites, while high-mass satellites are barely affected. Star formation is suppressed more rapidly when the stellar mass of the satellite is lower, the host halo mass is larger, and the time since infall (TSI) is longer. We demonstrate that the quenching timescale and SFHs of satellites can be predicted based on the stellar-to-halo mass ratio and their positions in the projected phase space. Furthermore, the different shape of the SFHs between cluster and field satellites naturally exhibit the “transition epoch” at a specific cosmic time, indicating a theoretical prediction of the reversal of the star formation–density relation.
Second, we explore the formation of satellite galaxies using NEWHORIZON and NEWHORIZON2. In these simulations, while the number of low-mass satellites near Milky Way-like systems is consistent with observations, many subhalos remain dark and starless, turning the main focus of the missing satellite problem into understanding the origin of these “starless” halos, rather than the overabundance of subhalos. We find that the primary driver for the origin of starless halos is not post-infall environmental effects or supernova feedback, but rather the suppression of gas cooling due to the combined effects of primordial environment and cosmic reionization. They are born in low-density and low-accretion regions where the gas fails to condense before reionization; thus, they are “born to be starless.” By considering these baryonic physics and primordial environmental effects, the tension in the classical missing satellite problem is substantially alleviated.
Finally, we shift our perspective to regard satellite galaxies not as passive objects but as active builders that reshape their environments. Using NEWCLUSTER, we trace the formation of the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) and the intracluster light (ICL), a fossil record of the assembly history of galaxy clusters, through the stripping and disruption of satellite galaxies at high resolution. We introduce an origin-based classification scheme for the BCG+ICL components: stripped, disrupted, in-situ, and preprocessed. In particular, we highlight the novel approach to identify the preprocessed component, which resembles the DM distribution and kinematics, highlighting its important prospect in tracing the assembly history of galaxy clusters. We further show that the stripped stellar mass and the buildup of the ICL correlate strongly with orbital parameters such as TSI, minimum pericenter distance, and the number of orbits.
In summary, we demonstrate that the group/cluster environment regulates the SFHs of low-mass satellites, the primordial conditions and reionization determine whether satellites can form or not, and the orbits and tidal stripping of satellites reshape the structure of clusters, leaving behind the ICL as a fossil record. These findings do not represent stand-alone results, but rather collectively illustrate the reciprocal evolution process in which satellite galaxies and their environments exchange mass and energy in the broad physical sense during their co-evolution. Through this refined investigation of baryonic physics in a cosmological context, we show that the ΛCDM paradigm can naturally explain some small-scale tensions and open questions proposed above without modifying the nature of dark matter.