체중자극에 대한 주의수정이 신체불만족과 섭식행동에 미치는 영향 = The Effects of Attention Bias Modification on Body Dissatisfaction and Dietary Pattern Using Weight-Related Stimuli

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate if weight-related stimuli had a negative effect on body dissatisfaction levels, and if attentional modification to non-weight-related stimuli could attenuate body dissatisfaction levels. Sixty-one female college students were randomly assigned to a fat word attention-inducing group, a thin word attention-inducing group, and a non-weight word attention-inducing group. We provided a modified visual search task (ie., attention bias modification [ABM] programs) for two sessions at one-week intervals. We also assessed body dissatisfaction levels, affective states, and dietary patterns at pre- and post- session times during the ABM procedure. Only the non-weight word attention-inducing group showed significant reductions in body dissatisfaction but they did not show any changes in affective states and dietary patterns. Participants in the other groups did not show any changes. Results suggest that the non-weight word stimuli could be a non-threatening factor and that inducing attention toward the non-weight words could reduce body dissatisfaction. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 체중관련 자극에 주의를 두는 것이 신체불만족을 촉발시키며 체중과 관련없는 자극에 주의 초점을 맞추는 것이 신체불만족을 감소시키는지 확인하고자 하였다. 61명의 여자 대학생을 모집하여 과체중 관련 단어 주의유도집단, 저체중 관련 단어 주의유도집단, 그리고 비체중 관련 단어 주의유도집단에 무선할당하였다. 이후 시각탐사과제를 응용한 주의편향수정 프로그램을 약 1주일 간격으로 총 2회에 걸쳐 진행하였다. 또한 실험 전, 후에 연구 참여자의 신체불만족 수준, 정서 상태, 섭식 패턴을 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 비체중 관련 자극 주의유도집단에서만 신체불만족 수준이 유의하게 감소하였다. 이들의 정서 상태와 섭식패턴에는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 반면 다른 집단들에서는 어느 측정치에서도 유의한 변화가 없었다. 이는 체중 관련 단서에 주의를 두는 것은 신체불만족에 영향을 주지 않으며, 비체중 관련 자극에 주의 초점을 맞추는 것이 신체불만족을 낮추었음을 의미한다. 즉, 체중 관련 자극은 그 속성에 관계없이 신체불만족을 유지시키는 요인임을 의미한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 후속 연구 방향을 논하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 서상규, "한국어 기본어휘 의미빈도사전" 한국문화사 2014

2 국립국어연구원, "표준국어대사전" 두산동아 1999

3 오지영, "체형 및 체중의 과대평가가 폭식행동에 미치는 영향: 우울과 신체불만족을 매개로 하여" 한국건강심리학회 16 (16): 739-757, 2011

4 보건복지부, "청소년건강행태조사 : 신체이미지 왜곡 인지율" 통계청 2018

5 박홍석, "정적정서 부적정서 척도(PANAS)의 타당화" 한국심리학회 35 (35): 617-641, 2016

6 여성가족부, "양성평등실태조사 : 자신의 외모와체형에 대한 인식" 통계청 2016

7 김인혜, "사회 문화적 영향, 신체불만족, 대처방식 및 이분법적 사고가 폭식행동과 절식행동에 미치는 영향" 한국임상심리학회 33 (33): 315-339, 2014

8 이규영, "긍정정서 및 부정정서가 음식갈망을 매개로 폭식행동에 미치는 영향 : 정서긴급성의 조절된매개효과" 가톨릭대학교 2018

9 노영경, "‘체형 만족도 평가지(Body Shape Questionnaire: BSQ)’의 타당화 연구-여대생을 중심으로-" 한국상담학회 6 (6): 1163-1174, 2005

10 De Voogd, E. L., "Visual search attention bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents" 45 (45): 252-259, 2014

11 Hargreaves, D., "The role of appearance schematiity in the development of adolescent body dissatisfaction" 26 (26): 691-700, 2002

12 Altabe, M., "The physical appearance ambiguous feedback scale(PAAFS) : A measure for indexing body image related cognitive bias" 1 (1): 299-304, 2004

13 Williams, J. M. G., "The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology" 120 (120): 3-24, 1996

14 Hargreaves, D., "The effect of television commercials on mood and body dissatisfaction : The role of appearance-schema activation" 21 (21): 287-308, 2002

15 Smith, E., "The effect of attentional training on body dissatisfaction and dietary restriction" 17 (17): 169-176, 2009

16 Copper, P. J., "The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire" 6 (6): 485-494, 1987

17 Stice, E., "Subtyping bulimic women along dietary restraint and negative affect dimensions" 67 (67): 460-469, 1999

18 Hofmann, S. G., "Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives" Elsevier 2014

19 Mansell, A., "Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces" 13 (13): 673-690, 1999

20 Stice, E., "Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology : A synthesis of research findings" 53 (53): 985-993, 2002

21 Peirce, J. W., "PsychoPy—psychophysics software in Python" 162 (162): 8-13, 2007

22 Jansen, A., "Pre-attentive exposure to the thin female beauty ideal does not affect women's mood, self-esteem and eating behavior" 10 (10): 208-217, 2002

23 Cristea, I. A., "Practitioner review : Cognitive bias modification for mental health problems in children and adolescents : A meta-analysis" 56 (56): 723-734, 2015

24 Leon, G. R., "Personality and behavioral vulnerabilities associated with risk status for eating disorders in adolescent girls" 102 (102): 438-444, 1993

25 Trampe, D., "On models and vases : Body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects" 26 (26): 43-51, 2007

26 Edman, J. L., "Negative emotion and disordered eating among obese college students" 6 (6): 308-317, 2005

27 Hunter, J. D., "Matplotlib : A 2D graphics environment" 9 (9): 90-95, 2007

28 Amir, N., "Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder : A randomized controlled trial" 90 (90): 497-511, 2012

29 Mathews, A., "Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety" 95 (95): 15-20, 2002

30 Dalley, S. E., "Female body dissatisfaction after exposure to overweight and thin media images : The role of body mass index and neuroticism" 47 (47): 47-51, 2009

31 Gao, X., "Eyes on the bodies : An eye tracking study on development of visual attention among females with body dissatisfaction" 15 (15): 540-549, 2014

32 Beard, C., "Efficacy of attention bias modification using threat and appetitive stimuli : A meta-analytic review" 43 (43): 724-740, 2012

33 Hilbert, A., "Effects of prolonged and repeated body image exposure in binge-eating disorder" 52 (52): 137-144, 2002

34 De Castro, J. M., "Eating attitudes and behaviors of pre-and postpubertal females : Clues to the etiology of eating disorders" 58 (58): 15-23, 1995

35 Hewig, J., "Drive for thinness and attention toward specific body parts in a nonclinical sample" 70 (70): 729-736, 2008

36 Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect the PANAS scales" 54 (54): 1063-1070, 1988

37 Williamson, D. A., "Cognitive-behavior theories of eating disorders" 28 (28): 711-738, 2004

38 Jones, E. B., "Cognitive bias modification : A review of meta-analyses" 223 : 175-183, 2017

39 Grogan, S., "Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children" Routledge 2007

40 Onden-Lim, M., "Body image concern and selective attention to disgusting and non-self related stimuli" 9 (9): 535-538, 2012

41 Paxton, S. J., "Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys" 35 (35): 539-549, 2006

42 Cho, A., "Body dissatisfaction levels and gender differences in attentional biases toward idealized bodies" 10 (10): 95-102, 2013

43 Glauert, R., "Body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to thin bodies" 43 (43): 42-49, 2010

44 MacLeod, C., "Attentional bias in emotional disorders" 95 (95): 15-20, 1986

45 Rosser, B. A., "Attentional and interpretative biases in appearance concern : An investigation of biases in appearance-related information processing" 7 (7): 251-254, 2010

46 Heeren, A., "Attention training toward and away from threat in social phobia : Effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measure of anxiety" 50 (50): 30-39, 2012

47 Gao, X., "Attention biases among body-dissatisfied young women : An ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation" 82 (82): 133-142, 2011

48 Pine, D. S., "Attention bias to threat in maltreated children : implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology" 162 (162): 291-296, 2005

49 McNally, R. J., "Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety" 51 (51): 882-888, 2013

50 Allen, L., "Attention bias for appearance words can be reduced in women : Results from a single-session attention bias modification task" 61 (61): 87-103, 2018

51 Chen, H., "Are cognitive biases associated with body image concerns similar between cultures?" 2 (2): 177-186, 2005

52 Beck, A. T., "Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive approach" Basic Books 1985

53 Bowler, J. O., "A comparison of cognitive bias modification for interpretation and computerized cognitive behavior therapy : Effects on anxiety, depression, attentional control, and interpretive bias" 80 (80): 1021-1033, 2012

54 Mathews, A., "A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety" 22 (22): 539-560, 1998

55 Levine, M. P., ""Everybody knows that media are/are not [pick one] a cause of eating disorders": A critical review of evidence for a causal link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females" 28 (28): 9-42, 2009