Membrane lipid homeostasis is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and relies on coordinated vesicular and non-vesicular lipid transport mechanisms. Sphingomyelin is a major plasma membrane (PM) lipid that contributes to ordered membrane domai...
Membrane lipid homeostasis is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and relies on coordinated vesicular and non-vesicular lipid transport mechanisms. Sphingomyelin is a major plasma membrane (PM) lipid that contributes to ordered membrane domains and is primarily synthesized at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). However, protein-mediated regulation of sphingomyelin trafficking along the TGN–PM axis remains poorly understood, particularly in the small intestine, where epithelial cells exhibit exceptionally high sphingolipid demand and continuous membrane stress.
Here, glycolipid transfer protein domain-containing 2 (GLTPD2), the only member of the glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) superfamily whose structure and function remain poorly characterized, is investigated in the context of small intestinal lipid homeostasis. Structural modeling revealed a unique N-terminal α-helix in GLTPD2, predicting isoform-specific subcellular targeting. Experimental analyses provided evidence that GLTPD2 isoform 2 preferentially associates with the TGN membrane, whereas isoform 1 displays characteristics consistent with a secretory protein. Transcriptomic analyses further showed that human GLTPD2 expression is enriched in the small intestine and predominantly localized to enterocytes, suggesting a link to intestinal lipid regulation. Sequence homology and structural analyses implicated sphingomyelin as a potential ligand for GLTPD2. Consistently, CRISPR–Cas9-mediated depletion of GLTPD2 in Caco-2 cells resulted in marked alterations in membrane lipid composition, including reduced sphingomyelin and free cholesterol levels, increased glycosphingolipids, and accumulation of lysophospholipids and ether phospholipids, indicative of membrane stress and compensatory remodeling. These lipid perturbations were accompanied by impaired fatty acid absorption and increased susceptibility to specific enteric pathogens.
Together, these findings suggest a role for GLTPD2 in sphingomyelin-associated lipid homeostasis in enterocytes and provide a basis for further investigation into its physiological significance.