In Korean history, the domestic service workers emerged and existed in considerable numbers during Japanese colonial period. However, the earlier studies took little notice of it because they regarded domestic service work as insignificant and premode...
In Korean history, the domestic service workers emerged and existed in considerable numbers during Japanese colonial period. However, the earlier studies took little notice of it because they regarded domestic service work as insignificant and premodern. This thesis aims to provide a new perspective on women work in modern Korea by studying the emergence of housemaids and the aspects of their existence in Japanese colonial period.
In the traditional Korean society, slaves were forced to do household chores for their owners, but the aspects of domestic labor changed according to the passing of time. In 1910s~1920s, ‘Haengnang-sari’(行廊살이/the life of a resident servant) was very prevalent among the poor living in cities. The house owners shifted household works onto the people who lived ‘haengnang-sari’ in their house. But as time passed, the house owners tended to evict ‘haengnang-sari’ people and, instead, to employ housemaids at low wages for the rise of house rent. The housemaids were called ‘eomum(어멈)’ or ‘anjamjaki’(안잠자기) at that time. In sum, the Korean domestic service workers originated from ‘Haengnang-sari’ people. On the other hand, Japanese males who came to Korea in the early colonial period tended to hire Japanese maids or to live with Japanese mistress because many of them came over to the colony to make money without their family.
However, as Japanese colonial rule continued, Japanese immigrants accompanied by their family increased and they started to prefer to hire Korean housemaids at low wages. Furthermore, in Korean cities, there were many unemployed people who had left rural areas due to the economic hardship caused by the agricultural crisis. Because of growing supply and demand for Korean housemaids, it became a remarkable work in the job market, so that the introduction of housemaids occupied the greater part of job placements of employment agencies.
But most of housemaids suffered from poor working conditions. This job had elements that fail to correspond with the modern employment relationship such as poor or no wages, non-standardized contract and task, and contemptuous treatment. Moreover, lots of Japanese owners treated Korean housemaids with ethnic discrimination. Nevertheless, many Korean housemaids preferred to work in Japanese house because of higher wages. They were mostly uneducated rural women, so they had no choice but to work as housemaids or to find unofficial jobs for a living in those days. Throughout the colonial period, the number of women who worked as factory workers was much smaller than that of housemaids.
The total mobilization in wartime reversed the situation surrounding housemaids. Until the wartime, authorities had attempted to control the labor supply and demand focusing on the labor of men by preventing Korean labor from going over to Japan, moving workers of southern Korea to the industrial area in the north part of Korea, and so on. It was unintended that housemaids took center stage in the public employment agencies. However, under the wartime system, the Japanese authorities made an issue of more than 160,000 housemaids in Korea, and tried to reduce housemaids as much as possible by producing the discourse and policies for restraining the employment of them. Meanwhile, authorities intended to draw the labor of housemaids to public and productive sphere because they began to pay attention to utilizing the labor of women as substitute for that of men. After all, “utilizing the labor of women in public and productive sphere” advocated in wartime meant nothing but the compulsory mobilization of the labor.
To sum up, the domestic service work in Japanese colonial period was not an insignificant premodern work but a modern occupation that newly emerged under the influence of the urbanization and capitalistic economy. And it reflected the ethnic contradictions in colonial period. In addition, the fact that the housemaid was the representative job of women in Japanese colonial times reveals the situations surrounding Korean women who had to work for a living. At that time, there were little demands for female labor in ‘public sphere’, and most of women worked as marginal workers like housemaids until the wartime.