자이나의 구나스타나(gunasthana) 연구 = (A) study of gunasthana in jainism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper is a study of 'the stages of spiritual development(gun.astha￣na)' of Jaina and is to understand (1)their unique relationship between soul and karma, (2) the function of ascetic practices, and (3)the process towards liberation. Gun.astha￣na is known as a procedure through which a soul becomes step by step. Its final goal is the perfect liberation from the bondage due to karma. There are fourteen stages in path of gun.astha￣na to reach the final goal.
The fourteen gun.astha￣na consist of: (1) perverted attitude (mithya￣dr.s.t.i), (2) transitory stage of right (sa￣sva￣dana), (3) right and wrong attitude mixed (samyagmithya￣dr.s.t.i), (4) right attitude but having no moral self-control (aviratasamyaktva), (5) right attitude with limited moral self-control (des´avirata), (6) partial self-control (pramattavirata), (7) imperfect self-control (apramattavirata), (8) new thought effect (apu￣rvakaran.a), (9) advanced mantal effort (anivr.tti-karan.a), (10) the slightest mental disturbances (su￣ks.ma-sa￣mpara￣ya), (11) suppression of mental disturbances (upas´a￣nta-moha), (12) destruction of mental disturbances like delusions (ks.i￣n.a-moha), (13) the stage of omniscience while still in the bodily existence (sayoga-kevalin), (14) the stage of omniscience and perfection after throwing off all bodily bonds (ayoga-kevalin). A soul becomes liberated after the last gun.astha￣na.
I have dealt with the above in the chatter Ⅰ and Ⅱ.
The chapter Ⅲ will be devoted to the fundamental doctirne of liberation from Jaina's perspectives. It seems to be summarized through Jain's doctrine of 7 truths(tattva): soul(ji￣va), non-soul(aji￣va), inflow(asrava) of karmic matter, bondage(bandha), stoppage(sam.vara) of the inflow of new karmic matter, dissociation(nirjara￣) of the accumulated karmic matter, and liberation(moks.a). Last three of the 7 truths(tattva), stoppage of the inflow, dissociation of karmic matter, liberation, could be the main the content where gun.astha￣na will be dealt with.
However, I will begin to outline from former 4 tattvas, stoppage, dissociation of karmic matter, liberation. in order to get the general idea of gun.astha￣na, especially its restrained state of the soul. The soul is said to be restrained to non-soul by the inflow of karmic matter due to five reasons; delusion(mithya￣tva), lack of self-control (avirati), spiritual inertia(prama￣da), passion(kas.a￣ya), and soul's vibration(yoga). An ascetic must remove these five causes gradually. The path of gun.astha￣na is practiced by the soul which has both some potential energy for liberation and is by nature moving upwardly. In other word, it is to escape from the cycle of secular existence and to reach perfection.
The chapter Ⅳ deals with the way of practice which is necessary for purification. Jain's practice Jaina has been well known for its asceticism. The basic of accomplishment in Jainism is the self-control thoroughly and the austerity for purification. It precisely explains how to destroy karma. It aims at controling(gupti) thought, speech, physical movements, the fivefold regulation(samiti), the tenfold moral virtues(dharma), contemplation(anupreks.a) of twelvefold objects, the patient endurance of the twenty-two afflictions (pari￣sahajaya), and the twelvefold austerities(tapas). A soul could be said to reach liberation through these methods.
The chapter Ⅴ talks about the system of gun.astha￣na from the contents of 'the system of dissociation' and 'the 5 states of soul' from the Tattva￣rtha-su￣tra. Gun.astha￣na is the process which purifie through a soul is from the five conditions of bondage. The soul progresses step by step through purifying of karmic material. When the soul removes the three of the five bondages, delusion, lack of self-control and spiritual inertia, that is the 7th gun.astha￣na. The 'right of attitude(sam.yaktva)' is said to be completed with this stage.
At the end of 7th gun.astha￣na, the soul ascends either the ladder of suppression(upas´ama-s´ren.i) or the ladder of destruction(ka.paka-s´ren.i). Liberation can be possible through these twofold ladders. If an ascetic reaches the end of the ladder selected, then he or she accomplishes the destruction of karmic materials. This stages is known as the 12th gun.astha￣na. All passions seems to be purified at this stage and only the soul's vibration remains. When one is liberated from the bondage from 'age-karma(a￣yu-karma)', soul is said to be deported from the body. The soul, finally, is said to be liberated completely.
Jains seems to believe in the inherent capacity of the soul for liberation. A soul can reach the perfection through purifying the five conditions of bondage. These purifying progresses are proceeded step by step. In these processes, if an ascetic who has reached certain stage can not go upward to the next high stage, he could fall to lower stage. It is due to antagonistic relationships between soul and karma. While souls try to depart, karmas try to restrain. As long as a soul vibrating, karmic materials can attaches to the soul by its own nature. In other word, if the cause of bondage is can not be removed, soul can not be freed. Thus the path for liberation can be said as struggle of the soul against karmic material. As far as I am concerned, Jain's practice in this respect aims at removing karmic materials actively through endless struggle against them and not passively through things, like reflection, and patience.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구 범위와 방법 = 3
• Ⅱ. 구나스타나의 의미와 내용 = 7
• 1. 구나스타나(gunastha￣na)의 개념 = 7
• 2. 구나스타나의 내용 = 8
• Ⅲ. 구나스타나의 배경 = 15
• 1. 자이나의 7諦와 구나스타나 = 15
• 2. 해탈의 길 = 18
• 3. 영혼의 본질 = 20
• 1) 영혼의 종류와 특징 = 20
• 2) 영혼의 능력과 발현 = 22
• 4. 속박 = 23
• 1) 업물질의 종류 = 23
• 2) 속박의 원인 = 28
• Ⅳ. 자이나의 수행법과 구나스타나의 정화 = 32
• 1. 자이나의 수행법 = 32
• 1) 업의 제어와 단멸 = 32
• 2) 명상과 구나스타나 = 35
• 2. 속박의 원인에 대한 구나스타나의 정화 = 42
• Ⅴ. 구나스타나의 체계 = 45
• 1. 업물질의 단멸 체계 = 45
• 2. 영혼의 5상태와 구나스타나의 관계 = 48
• 3. 구나스타나의 체계와 진행 순서 = 53
• Ⅵ. 결론 = 60
• 약호 및 참고문헌 = 65
• Abstract = 71