중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도 개발 = Creation and Validation of Exercise Stress Scale for College Soccer Players in China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

China's soccer has experienced rapid growth in a short period of time. With a high national interest in raising the level of Chinese soccer to compete on the world stage, aspiring soccer players are putting great effort into becoming excellent athletes. However, these players face intense competition as they strive for good results, and their abilities are socially evaluated. As a result, they naturally experience exercise-related stress, and those who cannot overcome it may suffer a decline in performance and even an uncertain future in terms of their ability to sustain their athletic careers. In this context, it is necessary to observe the causes and phenomena of exercise-related stress among Chinese soccer players in order to promote their psychological well-being, player
engagement, and sustained athletic activity. However, there is a lack of valid objective measures to diagnose exercise-related stress specifically for Chinese soccer players, and thus the reliability of the provided information is limited. Particularly, there is a lack of scales to provide information on exercise-related stress for university soccer players who are on the verge of entering professional leagues, which limits the availability of data for psychological interventions for Chinese university soccer players. This study aimed to develop an exercise-related stress scale for Chinese university soccer players. To achieve this, an online survey was conducted among 616 individuals involved in university soccer from Sichuan and Chongqing. The study followed a five-step process (preliminary item construction, Delphi validation, evidence based on response process, evidence based on internal structure, and scale fit) using the test theory. Relevant analysis techniques were applied to analyze the collected data, leading to the following results:
First, the exercise-related stress scale for Chinese university soccer players was developed through an inductive analysis, resulting in a total of 43 preliminary items grouped into four categories: interpersonal relationships (13 items), psychological (7 items), physical (11 items), and environmental (12 items).
Second, in the second step of the process, the Delphi validation revealed that in the first step, three items (2, 7, 43 items) of the exercise-related stress scale for Chinese university soccer players were found to be inappropriate. In the second step, 14 items (9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 25, 33, 34, 35, 37, 42 items) did not reach the criteria and were subsequently removed. As a result, a total of 26 items were retained, representing four factors: interpersonal relationships (7 items), psychological (4 items), physical (6 items), and environmental (9 items) for the exercise-related stress scale of Chinese university soccer players.
Third, when examining the evidence based on the response process for the exercise-related stress scale of Chinese university soccer players, the reliability analysis met the criteria. Additionally, the item response bias analysis, including kurtosis, skewness, mean and standard deviation, and correlation coefficients among total scores, all met the criteria as well.
Fourth, based on the evidence derived from the internal structure of the exercise-related stress scale for Chinese university soccer players, one item (item 1) that did not reach the criteria for model fit and multicollinearity was removed, and a reanalysis was conducted. As a result, a total of 25 items were retained, representing four factors: interpersonal relationships (7 items), psychological (4 items), physical (5 items), and environmental (9 items) for the completed exercise-related stress scale of Chinese university soccer players. The model fit indices, path coefficients, convergent validity, and discriminant validity all met the criteria.
Fifth, during the validation of the fit of the exercise-related stress scale for Chinese university soccer players, the 5-point response categories did not meet the criteria in category 1 for the interpersonal relationships and physical factors, while they were satisfactory for the psychological and environmental factors. The item fit analysis showed that item 14 of the interpersonal relationships factor exhibited a residual fit index above the threshold, indicating its inadequacy. In terms of differential item functioning based on gender, two items from the interpersonal relationships factor (6 items, 23 items), one item from the psychological factor (24 items), and one item from the physical factor (36 items) showed discrimination at different levels.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

중국의 축구는 짧은 기간에 빠른 속도로 성장하였다. 중국의 축구 수준 이 세계무대에서 경쟁할 수 있도록 국가적 관심이 높기 때문에 우수한 축 구선수가 되기 위한 노력에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 그러나 축구선수들은 좋은 성적을 목표로 하는 경쟁적 상황에서 자신의 능력을 사회적으로 평 가받기 때문에 운동스트레스가 자연스럽게 유발되며 이를 극복하지 못한 선수들은 경기력 수준이 저하되며 심지어 운동지속 가능성까지 불투명하 게 된다. 이러한 맥락에서 축구선수의 심적 안정을 통해 선수로서의 몰입 과 지속적인 선수 활동을 유도하기 위해서는 중국 축구선수에 관련된 운 동스트레스의 원인 및 현상을 관찰하여 대응 방안책을 마련할 필요가 있 다. 그러나 중국 축구선수를 위한 운동스트레스를 진단할 수 있는 객관적 인 척도가 타당한 절차에 의해 개발되지 않은 상태라서 제시되는 정보의 신뢰성이 부족하다. 특히 프로리그 진출 직전에 있는 대학 축구선수를 위한 운동스트레스 정보를 제공하는데 척도의 부재로 인해 중국 대학 축구 선수의 심리 처치를 위한 자료에 한계가 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 중국 대 학 축구선수를 대상으로 운동스트레스 척도를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 사 천성과 중경시 대학 축구선수 관련자 616명에게 온라인 조사방법을 적용 하여 자료를 수집하였다. 이때 5단계(예비문항 구성- 델파이 검증-반응과 정에 기초한 증거-내적구조에 기초한 증거- 척도의 적합도) 절차로 혼합연 구방법론에 검사이론을 적용하였으며 관련된 분석기법을 통해 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다.
첫쨰, 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도는 귀납적 분석에 의거 하여 4개(대인관계(13), 심리(7), 신체적(11), 환경적(12))의 범주에 전체 43 개 예비문항으로 추출되었다.
둘째, 2단계 과정에 의한 델파이 검증에서는 1단계에서 중국 대학 축구 선수의 운동스트레스 척도가 3문항(2번, 7번, 43번)이 부적합하게 나타났 으며, 2단계에서는 14개(9번, 10번, 13번, 15번, 16번, 17번, 18번, 21번, 25 번, 33번, 34번, 35번, 37번, 42번) 문항이 기준치에 도달하지 못해 문항을 삭제하였다. 따라서 4개(대인관계(7), 심리(4), 신체적(6), 환경적(9)) 요인에 26문항이 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도로 제작되었다.
셋째, 제작된 척도를 통해 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 반응과정에 기초한 증거를 확인한 결과, 신뢰도 분석에서는 기준치에 만 족되었으며 문항 반응편파성에서도 첨도, 왜도, 평균 및 표준편차, 총점 간의 상관계수가 모두 기준치에 충족되었다.
넷째, 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 내적구조에 기초한 증거에서는 모형의 적합도 및 다중상관계수가 기준치에 도달하지 못한 1 개(1번) 문항을 제거하여 재분석하였다. 그 결과, 모형의 적합도 및 경로 계수, 수렴타당도, 판별타당도의 기준치가 모두 충족되어 4개(대인관계(7), 심리(4), 신체적(5), 환경적(9)) 요인에 25문항이 중국 대학 축구선수의 운 동스트레스 척도로 완성되었다.
다섯째, 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 적합도 검증에서 5 점 응답범주는 대인관계 및 신체적 요인에서 범주 1이 충족되지 않았으 며, 심리 및 환경적 요인에서는 5점 응답범주가 만족되었다. 문항의 적합 도는 대인관계 요인의 문항 14번이 외적합 지수가 허용기준치 이상을 보 여 부적합한 문항으로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 차별기능 문항에서는 대인 관계 2문항(6번, 23번), 심리 1문항(24번), 신체적 1문항(36번)이 차별되는 등급으로 나타났다.
결론적으로 중국 대학 축구선수를 위한 운동스트레스 척도는 4개(대인 관계 : 4문항, 심리 : 3문항, 신체적 : 2문항, 환경적 : 9문항)의 하위요인에 전 체 19문항으로 개발되었다. 개발된 척도는 다른 운동스트레스 척도에 비 해 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스를 정확히 진단할 수 있으면서 성 별 구분없이 운동스트레스 결과를 비교할 수 있고 문항 수가 상대적으로 적어 검사 시간을 단축시킬 수 있는 효율성 높은 운동스트레스 척도이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 ······················································································ 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 ··························································································· 1
• 2. 연구목적 ····································································································· 6
• 3. 연구문제 ····································································································· 6
• 4. 용어의 정의 ······························································································· 7
• 5. 연구의 제한점 ··························································································· 7
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 ············································································ 9
• 1. 중국의 축구 ······························································································· 9
• 2. 운동스트레스 ··························································································· 15
• 3. 검사이론 ··································································································· 20
• Ⅲ. 연구방법 ················································································ 25
• 1. 연구대상 ··································································································· 25
• 2. 척도개발 절차 ························································································· 27
• 3. 자료처리 ··································································································· 29
• Ⅳ. 연구결과 ················································································ 33
• 1. 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 예비문항 ················· 33
• 2. 델파이 검증을 통한 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도 · 34
• 3. 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 반응과정에 기초한 증거······························································· ······ 38
• 4. 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 내적구조에 기초한 증거 ··············································································································· 41
• 5. 중국 대학 축구선수의 운동스트레스 척도의 적합도 ······················· 44
• Ⅴ. 논의 ························································································ 57
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 ········································································ 63
• 1. 결론 ··········································································································· 63
• 2. 제언 ··········································································································· 65
• 참고 문헌 ····················································································· 67