As life expectancy continues to increase due to technological progress and advances in medical system, population aging is progressing at a rapid pace in our society. Due to the progress in population ageing, socio-economic problems such as poverty i...
As life expectancy continues to increase due to technological progress and advances in medical system, population aging is progressing at a rapid pace in our society. Due to the progress in population ageing, socio-economic problems such as poverty in old age and sense of isolation have emerged, and preparing measures to alleviate these problems has become the most pressing issue in the ageing society (Kim et al., 2003). However, the suicide mortality rate of the old age in Korea is still the highest among member countries (Ministry of Health and Welfare, & Korea Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 2022). This finding indicates that the improvement in basic living standards does not guarantee or result in happiness in old age. In order to ensure successful ageing, economic intervention to relieve poverty of the old age is not enough. Additional resource exploration and various intervention that can revitalize old-age life are required. Thus, this study aims to explore the relationship between asset level and life satisfaction in old age, and analyze whether participation in social activities moderates this relationship.
Active participation in social activities in old age could be a strong driver of successful ageing. This is largely because participation in social activities in old age is one of the major factors that can positively affect life satisfaction by alleviating the loss of previously suspended roles due to the retirement from work (Lemon, 1972). However, the infectious disease outbreak in 2019, COVID-19, has led to a decrease in participation of social activities of the older adults through policies that refrained from going out and minimized contact with others. Since the older adults are most likely the group to experience a great crisis amid restrictions on participation in social activities, it is necessary to examine the influence of changes in participation in social activities after COVID-19 on their life satisfaction. Therefore, this study aims to further explore the meaning of ‘participation in social activities’ in old age life by exploring the actual influence of changes in participation in social activities on the relationship between the assets and life satisfaction. In addition, based on the classification method suggested in previous studies, this study classified social activities into formal and informal social activities, and examined the characteristics and influence of each type. For this purpose, the following research questions were proposed.
1) What is the effect of assets and participation in formal and informal social activities on life satisfaction in old age after COVID-19?
2) Does the impact of assets on life satisfaction in old age vary depending on the degree of formal and informal participation after COVID-19?
3) Does the impact of assets on life satisfaction in old age vary depending on changes in the degree of participation in formal and informal social activities (increase/decrease) after COVID-19?
The data used in this study is the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA), provided by the Korea Employment Information Service. To compare the situation before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, 7th panel survey data before COVID-19 (2018) and 8th panel survey data after COVID-19 (2020) were used. The number of samples that responded to both panel surveys was 5,388, and the moderating effect was verified through multiple regression analysis based on their response values. Through the empirical analysis, this study identified that life satisfaction in old age can be influenced not only by demographic and sociological characteristics such as asset levels, but also through interactions with participation in social activities that have relational attributes. To this end, this study verified whether the results of previous literature studies emphasizing the relationship between participation in social activities and life satisfaction in old age could still be supported in the post COVID-19 situation. As a main result of the study, it was found that the degree of participation in social activities could affect life satisfaction in old age. Moreover, the validity of the Activity Theory, which argued the degree of participation in social activities could affect life satisfaction in old age, was verified. The main findings are as follows.
First, asset of the old age, particiaption in formal and informal social activities after COVID-19 were found to have a significant effect on life satisfaction in old age. Second, the degree of participation in formal social activities after COVID-19 was found to have a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between asset and life satisfaction in old age. However, the moderating effect of the degree of participation in informal social activities after COVID-19 was not significant in relationship between asset and life satisfaction. Third, in cases where participation in formal social activities increased after COVID-19, the influence of asset on life satisfaction was mitigated. This tendency became stronger as the level of asset holdings decreased, and it was confirmed that for older adult with lower assets, increased participation in formal social activities can be a protective factor that can prevent a decrease in life satisfaction of the old age. Fourth, the decrease in informal social activities after COVID-19 was found to strengthen the relationship between asset level and life satisfaction in old age. Likewise, this tendency became stronger as the level of the asset holdings decreased. Through this trend, a decrease in participation in informal social activities could be a risk factor that reduces life satisfaction of the old age with lower assets.
The main implications from the results of this are as follows. First, the effectiveness of participation in formal and informal social activities in the relationship between assets and life satisfaction in old age was identified. Through this, this study was able to examine the importance and meaning of relational attributes on life satisfaction in old age. More importantly, through the study design and results, this study expanded the discussion of the existing theories by suggesting the fact that the theories that have previously emphasized the relationship between assets and life satisfaction in old age, and the relationship between social activity participation and life satisfaction in old age are still valid even at the post COVID-19 situation. In addition, it was confirmed that participation in social activities could be used as a strategic resource to alleviate the decline in life satisfaction of the old age whose range of life has decreased after the outbreak of infectious diseases. The practical and policy implications based on these implications are as follows.
First, it is necessary to actively encourage formal social activities to the older adults with lower asset holding levels. This is because participating in formal social activities could be a protective factor that mitigates the decline in life satisfaction even if the level of holding assets is low. Therefore, practical efforts such as program development and promotion are needed to increase the sense of benefit that the older adults with lower asset holding level experience through participating in formal social activities. Second, measures should be taken to prevent the reduction of informal social activities, along with encouragement of the older adutls to participate in formal social activities. In the results of this study, interaction with family members and neighbors decreased after COVID-19, and it strengthened the influence of assets on life satisfaction especially for those with lower asset levels, the decrease in informal social activities has become a risk factor that may worsen his or her life satisfaction. Therefore, this study emphasized that decrease in participation in social activities with family members and neighbors in infectious diseases situation could lead to a crisis in old age. Thus, this study suggested that informal social activities of the older adults should be supported though various means even in the COVID-19 situation.
Despite the implications discussed above, this study has the following limitations. First, more data need to be accumulated after COVID-19. If sufficient data are accumulated in the future, it is expected that the influence of changes in the degree of participation in social activities can be verified at a more precise level. Second, there is a limit in terms of generalizing the results of the study to all older age groups in Korea. Although most of the data available in this study represent the research results, this result may not be applied to some old age groups with very small or very large assets. Thus, it is necessary to conduct in-depth analysis of various data or qualitative research of other old age groups. Third, it is necessary to carefully consider the difference in the magnitude of influence of each activity on life satisfaction. In this study, social activity was classified in terms of formal and informal ones based on the suggestions from previous empirical studies. However, since each activity has a different magnitude of influence on life satisfaction, simply classifying them in terms of formal and informal social activities can distort the actual influence of each activity (Ritchey et al., 2001). In future studies, more detailed analysis is required while considering the limitation of previous classification methods.
Furthermore, even at the event of prevalent disaster situation such as COVID-19, measures should be prepared to ensure a certain level of participation in social activities. Also, new types of social activities such as club activities centered on non-face-to-face activities and non-face-to-face cultural classes are emerging. Thus, in follow-up studies, it is necessary to reorganize the meaning of existing social activities while including new type of activities such as non-face-to-face meetings, along with the classification of formal and informal social activities. Beyond the early data of the infectious diseases, this study suggests that attempts to explore the changes in social activity participation of the older adults should be continued by examining the trends of life in old age that have changed since the pandemic. In addition, it is necessary to encourage participation of social activities by the old age after COVID-19, such as discussing ways to expand information or education for the older adults who are experiencing difficulties in acquiring new technologies. Even after the post COVID-19 situation, the study investigating the meaning of participation in social activities of the older adults, and the in-depth exploration of the factors leading to happiness in the old age are further encouraged to continue steadily.