Numerous studies have identified the intercellular transmission of protein aggregates as a key mechanism underlying neurodegenerative disease progression. This propagation often occurs via a prion-like spreading mechanism, where misfolded proteins act...
Numerous studies have identified the intercellular transmission of protein aggregates as a key mechanism underlying neurodegenerative disease progression. This propagation often occurs via a prion-like spreading mechanism, where misfolded proteins act as seeds to promote the structural conversion of native proteins into pathogenic forms, promoting aggregate formation [1]. Upon intercellular transfer, internalized protein aggregates can be degraded within recipient cells via the proteasome or autophagy-lysosome pathways. However, a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases is the dysregulation of proteostasis, characterized by impaired proteasomal and autophagic-lysosomal degradation [2]. Lysosomal dysfunction has been increasingly recognized as a central contributor to neurodegenerative diseases, yet the mechanisms by which it confers specificity to distinct proteinopathies remain unclear.
In this thesis, I identified sets of lysosomal storage disorder (LSD)-related genes that differentially regulate the propagation of α-synuclein and tau. CLN3, GBA2, GALC, and ASAH1 selectively enhanced α-synuclein aggregation, while NPC1, LIPA, NAGLU, and ARSB specifically promoted tau propagation. These gene–pathology associations were further supported by functional phenotypic assays, highlighting lysosomal dysfunction as a determinant of disease specificity.
Building on this concept, I investigated the therapeutic modulation of α-synuclein pathology in a gut-first Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. Rotenone administration induced phosphorylated α-synuclein accumulation along the gut–brain axis, which was attenuated by safinamide treatment, especially within the vagus nerve and its connected central nervous system regions. Safinamide preferentially reduced soluble phosphorylated α-synuclein species, suggesting a mechanism beyond its dopaminergic effects that may contribute to disease modification.
In parallel, I developed an exosome-based biomarker strategy for PD. Optimized in vitro PD-like models confirmed that α-synuclein is selectively secreted via exosomes. Among candidate exosome surface markers, CLDN4 was validated as a robust gut-associated marker that enabled selective immunoprecipitation of plasma-derived exosomes. CLDN4⁺ exosomes were implied to display seeding activity exclusively in PD patient samples in RT-QuIC assays, suggesting their potential as a diagnostic biomarker, although further validation in larger and specific cohorts will be necessary to confirm their diagnostic utility.
Collectively, this study offers mechanistic insights into how lysosomal gene defects may influence proteinopathy specificity. The results further suggest that safinamide not only attenuates α-synuclein pathology along the gut–brain axis but also provides more precise neuroprotection by selectively modulating hyperactive neuronal subpopulations through state-dependent sodium channel inhibition., and that CLDN4⁺ exosomes may serve as a promising basis for biomarker development in PD. Through these findings, Iwas able to deepen the understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and gain insights that may inform future strategies for precision therapy and diagnosis.