근세 이후의 불국사 연구 : 건축, 상, 인식 = The Bulguksa Temple from the Early Modern to Contemporary Periods: Architecture, Image, and Perception

국문 초록 (Abstract)

근세 조선시대부터 현대에 이르는 시기는 불국사가 오늘날 보는 모습으로 형성된 시기이다. 통일신라시대의 유구 위에 조선시대, 특히 임진왜란 이후부터 일제 식민지시대를 거쳐 현대까지 여러 차례 재건과 복원을 통해 지금의 모습을 갖추게 된 것이다. 고대의 석조 기단과 초석 위에 중건을 거듭한 건축물은 18세기와 20세기의 것이며, 그 내부에 통일신라시대부터 현대에 이르는 시기의 불상과 불화가 봉안되어 있다. 본 연구는 현존하는 불국사가 형성된 이 시기에 초점을 두어 조선시대부터 현대까지 재건의 과정을 살펴보고 이를 통해 불국사 재건의 특징, 사회적·문화적 배경과 의미를 밝혀보려 한 것이다. 임진왜란 이후 불국사 재건의 역사는 한국 불교문화의 성립 및 재건과 맥락을 같이 하고 있다. 그러면서도 재건의 결과물인 불국사의 건축과 불상, 불화에서는 고대로부터의 전통이 유지되어 있다. 이와 같은 특징은 일제 식민지시대를 거쳐 현대까지 이어져 불국사가 고대 한국불교 문화유산을 대표하게 되는 중요한 면모가 되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current form of the Bulguksa Temple was built over the
remains of the Unified Silla period. The temple underwent major
reconstruction during the Joseon dynasty, particularly after the Imjin
War, and continued to be repaired and reconstructed throughout the
Japanese colonial period and into the modern era. The temple’s
current appearance stems from a nearly 400-year reconstruction
process following its complete destruction in 1593 during the Imjin
War. This dissertation focuses on the period during which the current
temple was formed, examining the reconstruction process from the
Joseon dynasty to the present day. Through this investigation, the
study aims to elucidate the characteristics, social and cultural
background, and significance of Bulguksa’s reconstruction.
In the early Joseon Dynasty, Bulguksa was a royal temple.
Almost all recorded Buddhist projects were carried out by the royal
family.
The architecture, Buddhist statues, and Buddhist paintings
rebuilt after the Imjin War demonstrate the preservation of tradition.
The building, built on a Unified Silla foundation and cornerstone,
differed from typical 18th-century Buddhist temples. At Bulguksa
Temple, efforts were made to maintain the orderly appearance of the
Silla period by rebuilding corridors and pavilions. The main Buddha
statue in Daeungjeon Hall, unlike the Sakyamuni Triad of the late
Joseon Dynasty, displays an iconographic style from the 8th century,
and the murals on the rear Buddha painting are interpreted as
stemming from a desire to restore the ancient Bulguksa Temple.
During the Japanese colonial period, Bulguksa Temple was
restored and renovated as part of a cultural heritage preservation
project spearheaded by the Japanese Government-General of Korea as
part of its colonial policy. However, this restoration focused on
maintaining the building and its stone walls, and did not include the
reconstruction of the collapsed corridors or Museoljeon Hall. This
period also saw the removal of key cultural assets from Bulguksa
Temple. The sarira pagoda was removed and then returned, and the
lion statues and sarira reliquary of Dabotap Pagoda remain
controversial to this day. Meanwhile, the policies of the Joseon
General Government-General of Korea facilitated the growth of
railway tourism, revitalizing Bulguksa Temple as a leading modern
tourist destination. The restoration project of Bulguksa Temple, which
began in 1969, was a national undertaking that involved excavations
and extensive restoration of the temple buildings. The restoration
project was incorporated into the Gyeongju Comprehensive Tourism
Development Plan in 1972, and the surrounding area was developed
as part of a tourism infrastructure improvement project. The area
surrounding Bulguksa Temple, which had more than doubled in size through these improvements, was redeveloped with a
landscaping-focused plan. The Iljumun Gate was constructed as the
new main gate, giving Bulguksa Temple its present-day appearance.
The history of Bulguksa Temple's reconstruction following the Imjin
War is intertwined with the establishment and reconstruction of
Korean Buddhist culture. At the same time, the temple's architecture,
Buddhist statues, and paintings, the fruits of its reconstruction, retain
ancient traditions. This characteristic, which has persisted through the
Japanese colonial period and into the modern era, has become a
significant aspect of Bulguksa Temple's status as a representative
example of ancient Korean Buddhist cultural heritage.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문초록 ⅰ
• 일러두기 ⅲ
• 목차 ⅳ
• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 조선시대 11
• 1. 조선 전기: 후원 계층의 변화 11
• 1) 왕실 불사 11
• 2) 승려·신도의 불사 27
• 2. 조선 후기: 재건 불사와 전통의 계승 33
• 1) 재건불사와 기록 33
• 2) 전통의 계승과 불교미술 56
• ① 대웅전: 1765년～1769년 56
• ② 당우(堂宇)와 불구(佛具) 83
• Ⅲ. 일제 식민지시대 96
• 1. 구한말의 황폐화 96
• 2. 조선총독부의 보수공사 104
• 3. 불국사와 근대관광 122
• Ⅳ. 해방 이후 현대 129
• 1. 보수와 유지, 발견: 1960년대까지 129
• 1) 대공덕주 박정희 129
• 2) 발견: 석가탑 사리장엄 135
• 2. 복원공사: 1969년～1973년 142
• 3. 사역(寺域)의 확대 150
• 1) 경주관광종합개발사업과 불국사 150
• 2) 나한전 건립 165
• 3) 극락적 보수 167
• 4) 다보탑 보수 168
• 5) 석가탑 수리 168
• Ⅴ. 결론 173
• 보론(補論): 불국사 사적기 해제 179
• 참고문헌 189
• 표 목록 199
• 삽도 목록 200
• 도판 목록 202
• 도판 208
• 부록: 불국사 관련 기록자료 302
• Abstract 340