Despite the universalization of higher education, the results of higher education in Korean society still works as a social stratification mechanism. Considering that the results of major selection can affect not only the satisfaction of college life ...
Despite the universalization of higher education, the results of higher education in Korean society still works as a social stratification mechanism. Considering that the results of major selection can affect not only the satisfaction of college life but also the career path, it is necessary to focus on the results of major selection as well as college entrance. To this end, this study identified factors of college entrance and major selection in South Korea and derived implications. Also, this study attempted to deepen this understanding by analyzing differences in college entrance and major selection patterns by comparing 2008 and 2018.
This study addressed three research questions. First, is there a significant difference between college entrance results and the following variables—high school students’ motivations for college entrance, meaningful people, and factors (e.g., the social reputation of a university) when choosing a college? Second, what are the factors that influence the result of college entrance? Third, what are the factors that influence the result of major selection? Differences between 2008 and 2018 were examined for each question. The Korean Education & Employment Panel I and II were used, and the chi-square test, binomial logistic analysis, and multinomial logit analysis were employed.
First, there was a significant difference between the three variables—high school students’ motivations for college entrance, meaningful people, and meaningful factors when choosing a college—and the results of four-year and top-tier universities. The differences persisted or expanded by household income level group in 2018 compared to 2008. The motivation for social recognition for higher education results along with the one for pursuing academics was remarkable. Students who went to top-tier universities had academic expectations for college in 2018. The meaningful people when choosing college stood out as the self in 2018 in both four-year and top-tier university entrance. Students who went to top-tier universities showed a low response rate of guardians in 2018, putting more emphasis on their own will than on their guardians. Also, students who went to four-year universities regarded the social reputation of a university and grades as important when choosing a college, but in 2018, they also regarded aptitude and hope as important. Students who went to top-tier universities emphasized the social reputation of a university in both times.
Second, the motivation for going to college did not affect the admission to a four-year university at both times, but in 2018, the motivation for pursuing academics affected the admission to a top-tier university. In 2018, meaningful people when choosing a college were teachers for 4-year college students and guardians for top-tier university students. However, the more prioritized guardians, the less likely students were to go to a top-tier university. Also, the more important career-related interests are, the higher the likelihood for a lower-tier university. The more important aptitude and employment outlook were when choosing a college in 2008, and the more important grade and family circumstances were in 2018, the lower the likelihood of a top-tier university. Meanwhile, in 2008, gender, educational aspirations, grades, and in addition to this, study time was found to be a factor for four-year university entrance, and in 2008, educational aspirations and grades were found to be factors for a top-tier university entrance. However, in 2018, unlike 2008, the longer the study time, the higher the likelihood of entering a four-year and top-tier university.
Third, regarding family factors, the influence of family background continued in the admission of four-year and top-tier universities, and the influence was relatively reduced in the results of four-year universities. For a four-year university, the higher the private education expenditure and the higher the parent's educational background, the higher the likelihood of its admission, but in 2018, only the parent's educational background remained a factor.
Fourth, regarding the school factors, the location and type of high school were found to be factors influencing four-year and top-tier university entrance. For a four-year university, the likelihood of entrance was lower as students enrolled in high schools in the metropolitan area. In contrast, for top universities, students who enrolled in the metropolitan high school were more likely to be admitted in 2018. Meanwhile, students from foreign language high schools, international high schools, science high schools, and autonomous high schools had higher likelihood for a top-tier university than general high schools in 2008 and 2018.
The main results and implications of influencing factors of major selection results are as follows, and the analysis was conducted by setting an engineering major as a reference group. Fifth, gender differences in the results of major selection were confirmed in both times. Although higher education opportunities have expanded for female students, gender inequality in higher education has still been confirmed. For the diversity of the academic community, it is necessary to encourage them with engineering aptitude to enter the major.
Sixth, professional values such as emphasizing employment and a high income, of engineering students were consistent. In contrast to humanities and arts and sports in 2008, engineering students considered ‘expect a high income’ as the top priority when choosing a job. In addition, in contrast to humanities, social studies, and natural sciences in 2018, it was confirmed that engineering students were most affected by the employment outlook when choosing a major.
Seventh, the higher the grade, the higher the likelihood of going to education compared to engineering. On the other hand, the more important the grades were when choosing a major, the higher the likelihood of going to engineering. In other words, students who have chosen education majors have superior grades compared to students majoring in engineering at both time points. In addition, students in education further considered their aptitude when choosing a major.
Eighth, in 2018, students attending specialized high schools and Meister high schools were more likely to select engineering majors compared to humanities, social studies, education, and medicine. It seems to be due to the characteristics of the schools established with a certain purpose, such as training technicians.
Ninth, engineering students had higher expenditures for shadow education and cultural life. In 2018, the more private education expenditures were spent compared to the humanities, social studies, and education, the more engineering departments were selected, but the effect of private education expenses was not confirmed in the natural and medical fields. Meanwhile, engineering students spent more on cultural life than on the ones from arts and sports and natural sciences majors.
Lastly, unlike in 2008, when gender was identified as the only factor in the results of engineering compared to medicine majors, in 2018, meaningful people and factors, motivation for college entrance, educational aspirations, parental education, and high school location and types appeared when choosing a university. In 2018, the greater the influence of guardians and the more important the job prospects when choosing a university, the more they chose medicine. On the other hand, students who chose engineering showed high educational aspirations as well as academic motivation in 2018.
This study found that despite the universalization of higher education, its stratification is still occurring in South Korean society according to the hierarchy of universities. By analyzing the results of major selection as well as college entrance and delving into the differences between 2008 and 2018, the author explored the phenomenon of higher education in South Korea comprehensively.