해방직후 북한거주 일본인의 실상과 갈등 및 귀환 연구 - 평양을 중심으로 - = A Study on the Reality, Conflict and Repatriation of Japanese Residents in North Korea After Liberation - Focused on Pyongyang -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

本研究は、解放直後の北朝鮮、特に平壌に居住する日本人が非公式の帰還方法である韓国への脱出を果たすまでの実情とその葛藤、そして正式帰還公布後の公式帰還方法および特徴について考察したものである。
ソ連軍政は1945年8月10日から北朝鮮に駐屯し、日本人の外部地域への移動を一切禁止させた後、多数の青壮年期の男性をソ連本土やシベリア沿海州などに送り、強制労働を課した。1945年8月26日、ソ連軍が平壌に入城すると、彼らが生活のための住宅が必要となったため、日本人は追い出されたり、或いは家を明け渡さなければならなかった。こうして日本人は敗戦前に享受した豪華な生活とは真逆の状況に置かれ、本国に帰る日だけ待っていた。しかし、彼らは帰還時期については全く知ることができず、ソ連軍の横暴によって常に逃げるように暮らさなければならなかった。しかも終戦直後、銀行や郵便局などの預貯金は全て接収られたため利用できず、物価高などによって、この先迎える厳しい寒さに耐えることにも限界があった。 秋乙ではミルグノフ少佐による日本人に対する職業及び食糧提供が行われ、他の地域に比べてやや安定した生活を送ることができた。しかし帰還可能な者は重労働に耐えられない者に限定され、これによって帰還船が来る鎮南浦埠頭に移動できなかった残留者は意欲喪失に陥っていた。平壌居住の日本人は耐え切れず、密航及び個人、或いは小規模の南下脱出を試みたが、特に平壌はソ連占領機関をはじめ、様々な統治機構が密集している場所であり、他の地域に比べ厳しい取り締まりが行われていたため、南下脱出が最も困難であった。
日本人の大規模な脱出は1946年2月末から始まり、脱出過程での苦難の葛藤は言葉では言い表せないほど辛く、また死傷者も多数発生した。死傷者が多かったことから遺体を埋葬する墓がなくなり、遺体を包んで郊外に掘った大きな穴に投げ捨てる場合が多く、遺体を遺体の上に重ね入れたりもした。特に秋乙から鎮南浦に移され、帰還船の来航を待っていた日本人は、悪性麻疹や発疹チフスの発病により多くの命を奪われた。こうした集団脱出がほぼ完了した直後に日本人の正式帰還が公布され、帰還に関する協定がなされた。第1次正式帰還船である栄豊丸が1946年12月、元山に入港し、元山、文平、興南収容所で日本人は帰還船に乗り、その後も第2次的に1947年3月、7月、11月、1948年7月にかけて帰還船が出航したことが分かった。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study considered the actual conflict and the official repatriation process and characteristics of Japanese residents of North Korea, especially Pyongyang, after liberation to escape to South Korea, an unofficial repatriation process.
Since August 10, the Soviet military government has been stationed in North Korea to ban Japanese people from moving to outside areas, and has sent a number of young men to the Soviet mainland and Siberia's maritime provinces for various services. The Japanese were looking forward to returning home in the opposite of the luxurious life they had before the defeat. However, they had no idea of the timing of their repatriation and had to live as an escape at all times by Soviet tyranny. In addition, all savings such as banks and post offices were received and unavailable immediately after the end of the war, and there was a limit to enduring the severe cold due to high prices. The Japanese living in Pyongyang tried to stow away and escape from the South by individual or small scale, especially because Pyongyang was concentrated in various governments, including Soviet occupation agencies, and there was a stronger crackdown than other regions. The massive escape of the Japanese began at the end of February 1946, and the conflict of hardship in the escape process was beyond description, and there were also many casualties. In particular, the Japanese, who had been moved from Chueul to Jinnampo and waited for their repatriation ship, have taken many lives due to the outbreak of malignant measles and typhoid fever. Shortly after the mass escape was almost completed, the official repatriation of the Japanese was announced and an agreement was reached on their repatriation. The first official repatriation ship, Yeongpunghwan, entered Wonsan in December 1946, and it was discovered that the Japanese in Wonsan, Munpyeong, and Heungnam took the repatriation ship, and after that, the second ship left the port in March 1947, July, November 1948.

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