탈북여성의 일상생활 스트레스가 자살생각에 미치는 영향과 사회적 지지의 조절효과 = Life Stress, Social Support and Suicidal Ideation of North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to identify the moderating effect of social support between daily life stress and suicidal ideation of North Korean refugee women in South Korea. We survey with self-report questionnaires for 156 refugee women, conduct descriptive and regression analysis. As results, (1) almost half of the surveyed experience suicidal ideation in a year, (2) daily life stress affects suicidal ideation controlling with depression, PTSD, alcohol use, income, and age, (3) social support which North Korea refugee women perceive buffers the relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation. From these results, implications are suggested. Gender cognitive policies are needed in North Korea refugees in South Korea. Also, community mental health services and sustainable community program for North Korea refugee women are important to prevent their suicidal attempts.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 신승철, "한국에서의 the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)의 사용" 30 (30): 752-765, 1991

2 여성가족부, "폭력피해 탈북여성 맞춤형 자립지원방안 연구" 2012

3 변주나, "탈북자 고문피해 실태" 16 : 81-109, 2006

4 이화진, "탈북여성의 이주경험을 통한 정체성 변화과정: 북한, 중국, 한국에서의 이성 관계를 중심으로" 여성연구소 21 (21): 173-211, 2011

5 이화진, "탈북여성의 이성 관계를 통해본 인권침해 구조와 대응: 탈북 및 정착과정을 중심으로" 평화와 민주주의연구소 19 (19): 367-404, 2011

6 박정란, "탈북여성 연구: 동향, 쟁점, 과제" 북한연구학회 15 (15): 1-24, 2011

7 박정란, "탈북여성 결혼의 젠더구조와 문화적응 고찰: 정체성·경제·건강수준을 중심으로" 사회과학연구소 35 (35): 39-63, 2011

8 조맹제, "주요 우울증환자 예비평가에서 fte Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)의 진단적 타당성 연구" 32 (32): 381-399, 1993

9 조영아, "북한이탈주민의 우울 예측 요인: 3년 추적 연구" 한국상담심리학회 17 (17): 467-484, 2005

10 홍창형, "북한이탈주민의 외상후스트레스장애에 대한 3년 추적연구" 연세대학교 대학원 2005

11 김현경, "북한이탈주민의 고문으로 인한 외상 후 충격에 영향을 미치는 요인" 한국사회복지연구회 41 (41): 81-106, 2010

12 김연희, "북한이탈주민 정신건강 문제 유병율과 영향요인: 2007년 입국자 중심으로" 통일연구원 19 (19): 141-174, 2010

13 김미자, "북한이탈여성의 외상 경험에 관한 연구" 7 (7): 1-18, 2010

14 엄태완, "북한이탈 주민의 우울과 사회적 문제해결능력 및 사회적 지지와의 관계" 한국정신보건사회복지학회 (18) : 5-32, 2004

15 이경선, "노인의 여가스포츠 참가와 사회적 지지, 고독감 및 사회관계망의 관계" 명지대학교 대학원 2006

16 김용석, "국내외 알코올사용장애 선별도구의 비교를 통한 한국성 인의 알코올사용장애에 관한 역학조사" 37 : 67-88, 1999

17 "국내 정착 탈북자 자살률, 일반 국민 3배. 데일리NK 2012.년 10월 24일"

18 Radioff, L. S., "the Ces-D scale" 1 (1): 385-401, 1977

19 Raphael, B., "Women, catastrophe and mental health" 42 (42): 13-23, 2008

20 Van Boemel, G. B., "Treatment for psychosomatic blindness among Cambodian refugee women" 13 (13): 239-266, 1992

21 Allotey, P., "Travelling with excess baggage: health problems of refugee women in Western Australia" 28 (28): 63-81, 1999

22 Tang, S. S., "Traumatic experiences and the mental health of Senegalese refugees" 189 (189): 507-512, 2001

23 Kinzie, J. D., "Therapeutic approaches to traumatized Cambodian refugees" 2 (2): 75-91, 1989

24 Tomaka, J., "The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly" 18 (18): 359-384, 2006

25 Malt, U., "The long-term psychiatric consequences of accidental injury : A longitudinal study of 107 adults" 153 (153): 810-818, 1988

26 Aron, A, "The gender-specific terror of El Salvador and Guatemala: Post-traumatic stress disorder in Central American refugee women" 1991

27 Stack, S., "The effect of immigration on suicide: A cross-national analysis" 2 (2): 205-218, 1981

28 Sundaram, V., "Suicide risk among persons with foreign background in Denmark" 36 (36): 481-489, 2006

29 Goosen, S., "Suicide death and hospital-treated suicidal behaviour in asylum seekers in the Netherlands : a national registry-based study" 11 (11): 484-, 2011

30 Cho, Y. B., "Suicidal ideation and distress among immigrant adolescents : The role of acculturation, life stress, and social support" 39 (39): 370-379, 2010

31 Rahman, A, "Suicidal feelings run high among mothers in refugee canps: a cross sectional survey" 108 (108): 392-393, 2003

32 Pfeffer, C. R, "Suicidal children grow up: suicidal behavior and psychiatric disorders among relatives" 33 : 269-275, 1994

33 Ferrada-Noli, M, "Suicidal behavior after severe txauma Part 1: PTSD diagnoses, psychiatric comorbidity, and assessments of suicidal behavior" 11 (11): 103-112, 1998

34 House, J. S., "Structures and processes of social support" 293-318, 1988

35 Cohen, J., "Statistical paver analysis for the behavioral sciences" Lawrence Erlbaum 1988

36 Koss, M P, "Somatic consequences of violence against women" 1 (1): 53-, 1992

37 Simich, L, "Social support and the significance of shared experience in refugee migration and resettlement" 25 (25): 872-891, 2003

38 Isometsa, E. T., "SUICIDE IN MAJOR DEPRESSION" 151 (151): 530-536, 1994

39 D'Avanzo, C. E., "Research Update: Stress and Self-Medication in Cambodian Refugee Women" 4 (4): 59-60, 1992

40 Phillimore, J., "Refugees, Acculturation Strategies, Stress and Integration" 40 (40): 575-593, 2010

41 Collins, C. H., "Refugee, asylum seeker, immigrant women and postnatal depression : rates and risk factors" 14 (14): 3-11, 2011

42 Williams, C. L., "Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice" 46 (46): 632-, 1991

43 Shaffer, D., "Preventing teenage suicide: A critical view" 27 : 675-687, 1998

44 Wilcox, H Q, "Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attenpts in a community sanple of urban American young adults" 66 (66): 305-, 2009

45 Lankov, A., "North Korean Refugees in Northeast China" 44 (44): 856-873, 2004

46 Bhugra, D., "Migration and mental illness" 7 (7): 216-222, 2001

47 Oppedal, B., "Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background" 45 (45): 131-144, 2004

48 Bames, D. M, "Mental health screening in a refugee population : A program report" 5 (5): 141-149, 2001

49 Papadopodos, R, "Mental health perspective on human dislocatioa" 2011

50 Suominen, K, "Mental disorders and comorbidity in attenpted suicide" 94 (94): 234-240, 1996

51 Kroll, J., "Medication conpliance, antidepressant blood levels, and: side effects in Southeast Asian patients" 10 (10): 279-, 1990

52 Holmes, T., "Introduction to life-strcss scale" 37 : 1239-1243, 1967

53 Nolan, C. M, "Intentional isoniazid overdosage in young Southeast Asian refugee women" 93 (93): 803-806, 1988

54 Pena, J. b., "Immigration generation status and its association with suicide attenpts, substance use, and depressive synptoms among latino adolescents in the USA" 9 (9): 299-310, 2008

55 Kposowa, A J., "Immigration and suicide: The role of marital status, duration of residence, and social integration" 12 (12): 82-92, 2008

56 Yakushko, O., "Immigrant women and counseling : The invisible others" 83 (83): 292-298, 2005

57 Kushner, H I., "Immigrant suicide in the United States : Towand a psycho-social history" 18 (18): 3-24, 1984

58 Mnkoff, K, "Hopelessness, depression, and attenpted suicide" 1973

59 Frye, B., "Health care decision making among Cambodian refugee womea, In Wings of gau2e- Women of color and the experiences of health and illness" Wayne State University Press 93-108, 1993

60 Weaver, H, "Drinking and displacement : a systematic review of the influence of forced displacement on harmful alcohol use" 45 (45): 2340-2355, 2010

61 Russell, D., "Developing a measure of loneliness" 42 (42): 290-294, 1978

62 Fenta, H, "Determinants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto" 192 (192): 363-372, 2004

63 Harlow, L. L, "Depression, self derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor" 5-21, 1986

64 Roose, S. P., "Depression, delusions, and suicide" 140 (140): 1159-1162, 1983

65 D'Avanzo, C. E., "Depression and anxiety among Cambodian refugee women in France and the United States" 19 (19): 541-556, 1998

66 D'Avanzo, C. E., "Culture, stress and substance use in Cambodian refugee womea" 55 (55): 420-, 1994

67 Hayes, A R, "Conputational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS inplementations" 41 (41): 924-936, 2009

68 Beck, A T., "Assessment of suicidal intention : The Scale for Suicide Ideation" 47 (47): 343-352, 1979

69 Kotler, M, "Anger, inpulsivity, social support, and suicide risk in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder" 189 (189): 162-167, 2001

70 Kinzie, J. D., "An Indochinese refugee psychiatric clinic : Culturally accepted treatment approaches" 1980

71 Goodwin, D. W., "Alcohol in suicide and homicide" 1973

72 Rossow, L., "Alcohol and suicide-beyond the link at the individual level" 91 (91): 1413-1416, 2006

73 Johnson, T. P., "Alcohol and drug use among displaced persons: An overview" 31 (31): 1853-1889, 1996

74 Hovey, J. D., "Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation in Mexican immigrants" 6 (6): 134-, 2000

75 Hovey, J. D., "Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation among Cental American immigrants" 30 (30): 125-139, 2000

76 Beiser, M, "A study of depression among traditional Africans, urban North Americans, and Southeast Asian refugees, In Culture and depression Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of effect and disorder" University of California Press 272-298, 1985

77 보건복지부, "2011년도 정신질환실태 역학조사" 2012

78 "2010 국정감사-탈북자문제. 정신과 진료 탈북자 3년새 117배 증가"