考古資料로 본 新羅의 江陵地域 進出

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined archaeological resources that discuss how Silla entered the Gangneung area, the coastal region along the East Sea that has been excavated most actively. Silla expanded its territories while organizing the its system as an ancient state and acquired several independent townships in various regions, stretching its forces to the East Sea area faster than any other ancient states of the time. In particular, many early relics and heritages of Silla have been found in Gangneung, the center of the East Sea area. Many archaeological resources prove these circumstances of that time and provide brief texts that are valuable for our interpretation of historical facts. In this respect, it was possible for me to examine these resources to answer my question as to why early relics and heritages of Silla are found in the Gangneung area. Based on my research on Silla's advancement into the Gangneung area, I have acquired the following results:
First, when did Silla first stretched its forces to the Gangneung area?
I determined that Silla first entered the Gangneung area at the fourth quarter of the 4th Century. According to historical texts, Gangneung was already under Silla's rule in the 42nd year of King Namul (397). Archaeological resources also support this fact as long-legged vessels at Kwandong University Museum and in Hasi-dong have been the earliest vessels of Silla found in the Gangneung area (fourth quarter of the 4th Century).
Second, why did Silla aim to advance into the Gangneung area so early in its history?
The Yeongdong area in the Era of the Three Empires was the gateway to advanced cultures of the north. As Gangneung was the center of the Yeongdong area, Silla needed to gain control of this area to exchange with more advanced empires, such as China and Goguryeo. As Yeguk, the primitive state that had been ruling Gangneung was not very prosperous and the East Sea route had already been formed, it was relatively easy for Silla to stretch into the Gangneung Area. Territorial expansion was essential, of course.
Third, which route did Silla mostly take to march toward the Gangneung area?
I considered two types of routes: land route and sea route. As the land route required Silla to head northwest through Gyeongju-Yeongcheon-Euiseong- Andong-Yeongju-Jeongseon and east to Samcheok and Gangneung, Silla used the northern sea route through Pohang-Yeongdeok-Uljin-Samcheok-Gangneung- Yangyang-Goseong-Anbyeon-Iwon. This sea route was situated along the coastline and was geographically open to transportation. I also suggested a secondary route through which Silla might have headed toward Pohang from the Gyeongju basin to conquer Yeongilman Bay and head to Gangneung on ships. Also, it seems that Silla headed to Ulleungdo, which is right off the shores of Gangneung, to conquer Usanguk and gain full control of the East Sea.
Last, how did Silla rule this area after conquering Yeguk in the Gangneung area?
After conquering the Gangneung area, Silla attempted an indirect ruling at first. Later, Silla adopted a direct ruling system. I divided the indirect ruling period into two phases: introduction and settlement.
In detail, Silla's earthenware and stone chamber tombs first appeared in Hasi-dong in the fourth quarter of the 4th Century and the tombs spread to Chodang-dong in the second quarter of the 5th Century. A belt with dragon pattern openwork, which seems to be from the second quarter of the 5th Century, was found to tell us that the Gangneung region began receiving rewards from Silla during this time. Thus, the period from the fourth quarter of the 4th Century to the second quarter of the 5th Century is designated as the 1st Phase (Introduction) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. This is when Silla was first advanced to the Gangneung area and tolerated independent administration of the conquered.
In the third and fourth quarters of the 5th Century, old mound tombs appeared and burials of relics that symbolized power emerged. In the third quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were prevalent, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs began to emerge. Also, tombs that were clustered in Hasi-dong and Chodang-dong began to scatter to Byeongsan-dong, Yeongjin-ri, and Bangnae-ri nearby. Steel pots were the symbol of power that emerged at this time. In the fourth quarter of the 5th Century, stone chamber tombs were still dominating, but wooden chamber tombs, stone mounded wooden chamber tombs, and lateral entrance stone chamber tombs became more popular. More crowns, crown ornaments, big daggers, and belts were bestowed by Silla, mostly in Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong. The period from the third quarter to the fourth quarter of the 5th Century was designated as the 2nd Phase (Settlement) of indirect ruling in terms of aechaeological findings. At this time, Silla bestowed items of power to the ruling class of the Gangneung area and gave equal power to the rulers of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong to keep them restrained by each other.
However, Silla converted the ruling system to direct ruling once it recognized the Gangneung area as the base of its expedition of conquest to the north. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, old mound tombs disappeared and small/ medium-sized mounds appeared in the western inlands and the northern areas. In this period, the tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs were large enough for people to enter with doors. A cluster of several tunnel entrance stone chamber tombs was formed in Yeongjin-ri and Bangnae-ri at this time, probably with the influence of Silla's direct ruling. In the first quarter of the 6th Century, Silla dispatched officers from the central government to complete the local administration system and replaced the ruling class of Chodang-dong and Byeongsan-dong with that of Silla-friendly Yeonjin-ri and Bangnae-ri to reorganize the local administration system and gain full control of the Gangneung area.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 머리말 = 1
• 1. 硏究史 = 1
• 2. 硏究方法 = 3
• II. 江陵地域 考古資料의 樣相 = 5
• 1. 木槨墓 = 6
• 2. 積石木槨墓 = 6
• 3. 竪穴式石槨墓 = 8
• 4. 橫口式石室墓 = 9
• 5. 橫穴式石室墓 = 10
• 6. 其他 = 11
• Ⅲ. 新羅의 江陵地域 進出 = 13
• 1. 進出時期와 背景 = 13
• 2. 進出經路 = 21
• Ⅳ. 新羅의 江陵地域 支配方式 = 30
• 1. 遺構의 特性 = 30
• 2. 遺物의 特性 = 33
• 3. 新羅의 江陵地域 支配過程 = 41
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 = 54
• 參考文獻 = 56
• 영문초록 = 64