On October 29, 2022, two days before Halloween, a crowd surge occurred in a narrow downhill alley near the Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon, Seoul, resulting in the deaths of 158 people. The government characterized the Itaewon disaster as a simple "accident...
On October 29, 2022, two days before Halloween, a crowd surge occurred in a narrow downhill alley near the Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon, Seoul, resulting in the deaths of 158 people. The government characterized the Itaewon disaster as a simple "accident" due to it being an "event without an organizer" and quickly declared a national mourning period while also setting up a collective commemoration place. This manner of mourning, which demands grief over accidental deaths, obscured the truth that the disaster was caused by the government's failure to act. In the midst of this process, another tragedy, the "159th victim," occurred. On December 12, 2022, Jae-hyun Lee, a high school freshman who survived the Itaewon disaster, was found dead at a lodging facility in Mapo-gu, Seoul. This study analyzes the causes and process of the 159th victim's suicide from the perspective of the victimology of disaster.
The key components and arguments of this study are as follows. In Chapter I, the study presents the need to analyze the multileveled causes that led to the suicide of the "159th victim." The prevailing medical model approach to addressing post-disaster suffering limited in that it fails to consider the social conditions in which disaster victims are situated during the occurrence of the disaster and its aftermath. Therefore, this study proposes the necessity of understanding the 159th victim as a new category of disaster victim from the perspective of the victimology of disaster. Based on this understanding, the study poses the following two research questions: Firstly, What are the causal forces and conditions that led the 159th victim to commit suicide? Secondly, What implications does the case of the 159th victim's suicide hold for research on social disasters and the victimology of disaster?
In Chapter II, the study examines existing research and theoretical trends on the Itaewon disaster. Research that focused on the nature of the Itaewon disaster has revealed that the framework of accidents that mobilize the state to deny responsibility has distorted and curtailed the political, economic, and cultural context of the Itaewon disaster. Research that focused on the representation of the Itaewon disaster has shown that by depicting the incident as an accident and the victims as casualties, this has blocked any questioning or inquiry into the issues of responsibility and causation, thereby entirely shifting the responsibility and suffering onto the individuals. Additionally, research on the victims has focused on the various violations of the victims' human rights from a human rights perspective. Building on these research findings, this study recontextualizes the Itaewon disaster as a state crime-type of social disaster. It also understands the suicide of the 159th victim as social suffering, and the survivor's guilt experienced by this victim in the social conditions of post-truth politics as a process of cultural trauma. Finally, this study presents the need to analyze the 159th victim's suicide from the perspective of victims' human rights and the victimology of disaster.
Chapter III discusses qualitative case study and sociological psychological autopsy as research methodologies. A qualitative case study is a form of case study that focuses on the case itself. Therefore, a case study does not aim for the generalization that is commonly discussed in quantitative research, but it does aim for "generalization in a different sense." This study seeks to find answers as to why the 159th victim's suicide occurred, but the ultimate goal is to help understand their suffering and mechanisms that lead to a survivor's suicide after various social disasters, including the Itaewon disaster, in Korean society. Research on suicide is somewhat constrained because it is impossible to directly hear and analyze the statements of the deceased. Therefore, the research method of collecting various statements and information, and retroactively inferring the context of the suicide is quite similar to a psychological autopsy. Specifically, this study is based on critical realism and refers to the method of inferring the socio-psychological process that led the suicide victim to commit suicide as "sociological psychological autopsy".
In Chapter IV, the narrative of the 159th victim was reconstructed from the testimonies of the bereaved families and Itaewon disaster survivors, as well as survivor testimony collections, news articles, and internet sources. This reconstruction covers the period from immediately after the disaster to just before the suicide. The narrative of the 159th victim shows how "survivor's guilt" was exacerbated and intensified by the "denial by the state," "psychological treatment," and "victim blaming by the members of society." Specifically, Chapter IV outlines the following:
First, the state continuously produced a cognitive framework of "unavoidable response - no responsibility," attempting to shift the blame onto the victims. A representative example of this was the search for the "rabbit headband pedestrian." As the details of the disaster became more evident, the calls for probing the truth grew stronger. At this point, instead of acknowledging its own responsibility, the state changed the interpretation to "insufficient response - no legal responsibility" through the judicial system and continued to produce this cognitive framework. In this process, the state completely ignored the survivors, and the survivors did not receive the necessary support.
Secondly, psychological treatment chose to seek an individualized solution from the PTSD diagnosis category, even though the trauma of the disaster survivors manifested in the process of remembering, interpreting, and representing the disaster. Despite the clear limitations of psychological treatment, its status remained firm. The so-called "medicalization of disasters" that accelerated in the aftermath of the Itaewon disaster was a powerful motivation that forced treatment on the victims without them knowing what caused the disaster and how it occurred.
Thirdly, the victim blaming of "they died while playing" existed even before the state denied its responsibility, so it can be distinguished to some extent from the state's denial. This study focuses on the fact that this victim blaming is premised on the negation of "play" and attempts to explain it as the operation of a meritocratic ideology. The meritocratic ideology has made play trivial in a neoliberal competitive society and has become an ideological condition that shifts the responsibility onto the victims.
In summary, the survivor's guilt of the 159th victim was reinforced by the state's denial of responsibility through "post-truth politics", the "medicalization of disasters" that forcibly intervened in the disaster trauma as disease, and the "meritocratic ideology" that denigrates play.
In Chapter V, the Itaewon disaster is redefined as a state-social crime-type disaster, and the process leading to the 159th victim's suicide is revealed as 'revictimization'. Specifically, the 159th victim had their right to life and safety, violated by the disaster. The victim also had their rights to dignity, as well as truth, violated by the police investigation. Furthermore, their rights to life and safety, truth, dignity and grieve were violated by the state's denial and victim blaming by members of society. Lastly, the absence of an adequate support system violated their right to receive necessary support, solidarity, dignity. In conclusion, the suicide of the 159th victim was not only a result of the human rights violations that occurred in the context of the Itaewon disaster but also a manifestation of the continuous human rights violations that deprived the victim of their dignity and rights after the disaster. This process accurately reveals the social process in which disaster victims are revictimized.
Chapter VI summarizes the research findings and presents the significance of the research. The case of the 159th victim's suicide offers important discoveries and implications for research on social disasters and the victimology of disasters. First, this research is significant in that it was able to reveal the social mechanisms of survivor's guilt that were not captured by existing philosophical and psychological discourses. Furthermore, by exposing the human rights violations experienced by the 159th victim, the research explained that the suicide of the 159th victim was a process of revictimization. From the perspective of the victimology of disasters, the research also demonstrated that similar patterns of victims' rights not being guaranteed can be reproduced in the case of state crime-type social disasters.
Based on these findings, the policy and practical implications from this research are as follows. Firstly, the approach to addressing the trauma of disaster victims needs to be shifted from a medical treatment perspective to a perspective of healing and recovery. Secondly, the suicides of disaster victims, including the 159th victim, are not isolated or random occurrences but rather happen through revictimization by denying the truth and blaming the victims. This needs to be considered in developing victim support measures and response policies. Thirdly, there is a need to introduce a human rights perspective into the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety and to enact the Bioethics and Safety Act that clearly specifies the state and society's obligations to guarantee the right to safety more fundamentally.