청소년기 우울증상의 성차에 대한 인지적 왜곡의 매개효과 = Mediating Effects of Cognitive Distortions on Gender Differences in adolescent Depressive Symptoms

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this study was to verify gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms, negative automatic thoughts, and negative cognitive errors. We also examined the mediating effects of cognitive distortions on gender differences. CES-D, K-CATS, and CNCEQ were administered to 690 middle and high school students in grades 7 through 12. The results were as follows: Female students showed more depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts, scoring higher on the hostility subscales. Additionally, female students became more depressive than males as their age increased, and negative automatic thoughts increased in both females and males as their ages increased. Particularly, drastic changes in depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts were noted in grade 12 students, and this result confirms that students in this grade are particularly vulnerable to depression. In terms of negative cognitive errors, scores decreased as the grade increased. Furthermore, depressive symptoms, negative automatic thoughts, and negative cognitive errors were all highly correlated. Finally, the total score of negative automatic thoughts and the hostility subscale had a mediating effect on gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. In short, the mediating effects of cognitive distortion on gender differences in depressive symptoms were confirmed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 문경주, "한국판 아동？청소년용 자동적 사고척도(K-CATS)의 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 21 (21): 2002

2 이현지, "청소년기 정서 및 행동문제의 성차" 16 (16): 117-123, 2005

3 하은혜, "청소년기 우울 및 불안증상 공존집단의 심리사회적 위험요인" 한국심리학회 22 (22): 127-144, 2003

4 하은혜, "청소년기 부정적 자동적 사고가 우울증상에 미치는 영향" 대한신경정신의학회 44 (44): 89-97, 2005

5 조맹제, "주요우울증 환자 예비평가에서 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CESD)의 진단적 타당성 연구" 32 (32): 381-399, 1993

6 원호택, "이상심리학" 법문사 1996

7 배주미, "아동 및 청소년의 우울증상과 인지변인의 지속성과 상호예측-18개월 추적연구-" 연세대학교 일반대학원 2000

8 Baron, R. M., "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations" 51 (51): 1173-1182, 1986

9 Mazure, C. M., "The interplay of stress, gender and cognitive style in depressive onset" 6 (6): 5-8, 2003a

10 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence" 115 : 424-443, 1994

11 Garrison, C. Z., "The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents" 30 : 636-641, 1991

12 Gladstone, T. R. G., "Sex differences, attibutional style, and depressive symptoms among adolescents" 25 : 297-305, 1997

13 Allgood-Merten, B., "Sex differences and adolescent depression" 99 : 55-63, 1990

14 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood" 102 (102): 20-28, 1993

15 Schwartz, J. A. J., "Response style and negative affect among adolescents" 20 : 13-26, 1996

16 Leitenberg, H., "Negative cognitive errors in children: questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety" 54 (54): 528-536, 1986

17 Hankin, B. L., "Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence: Reliability, Validity, and gender differences" 31 (31): 491-504, 2002

18 Lewinsohn, P. M., "Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications" 18 (18): 765-794, 1998

19 Hart, I. B., "Gender role characteristics and depressive symptomatology among adolescents" 16 (16): 407-426, 1996

20 Piccinelli, M., "Gender differences in depression. Critical review. The British journal of psychiatry" 177 : 486-492, 2000

21 Calvete, E., "Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents" 33 (33): 179-192, 2005

22 David, S. B., "Gender differences in adolescent depression: Do symptoms differ for boys and girls?" 89 : 35-44, 2005

23 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms" 77 (77): 1061-1072, 1999

24 Turner, J. E. Jr., "Developmental differences in cognitive diathesis for child depression" 22 (22): 15-32, 1994

25 Hankin, B. L., "Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive Vulnerability-Transactional Stress Theory" 127 (127): 773-796, 2001

26 Hankin, B. L., "Development of depression from preadolescence to young adultwood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longditunal study" 107 (107): 128-140, 1998

27 Schniering, C. A., "Development and validation of measure of children's automatic thoughts: The children's automatic thoughts scale" 2001

28 Beck,A.T, "Depression: Clinical experimental and theoretical aspects" Harper & Row 1967

29 Kempton, T., "Cognitive distortions and psychiatric diagnosis in dually diagnosed adolescents" 33 (33): 217-222, 1994

30 Thomson, M., "Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised: psychometric examination" 10 : 166-170, 1998

31 Sobel, M. E., "Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models ; Sociological methodology 1982" Jossey-Bass 290-312, 1982

32 Rudolph, K. D., "Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: a transactional perspective" 70 (70): 660-677, 1999

33 Hankin, B. L., "A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in adolescence" 25 : 607-632, 2001

34 Mazure, C. M., "A model of risk for major depression: effects of life stress and cognitive style vary by age" 17 (17): 26-33, 2003b