韓半島 三韓·三國時代 銅鏡의 考古學的 硏究 = (An) archaeological study to the bronze mirror of Three Hans Period to Three Kingdoms Period

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The subject of this study is an overall study on bronze mirror from Three Hans period to Three Kingdoms period in the Korean peninsula. It could be said that the bronze mirror first appeared in the Korean peninsula since Three Hans period. The Korean Bronze Age was based on community while Three Hans period was the time when power was concentrated in the hands of an individual. Dolmen society of the Bronze Age began to broaden its power with communal ceremonies performed by the agriculture based communities. Later, with the expansion of power of Yan(戰國 ‘燕’), the first state in Hebei Province(河北省) in China, Gojoseon(古朝鮮), the first Korean Early state began to appear based on the northern part of the Korean peninsula and the eastern part of China. Unlike the previous period of the Bronze Age, ritual implements used for national ritual ceremony appeared in the early state, Gojoseon and that is a bronze mirror with thunder designs on the back.
Early bronze mirror with thunder designs on their back appeared in Zhaoyang(朝陽), Liaoxi(遼西) area on China and this is in the type of Shiertaiyingzi(十二臺營子). The Shiertaiyingzi type is a set of artefacts which include typical bronze antiquities such as bronze mirrors with thunder designs on their back and Liaoning type bronze daggers. The bronze mirror with thunder designs on the back was spread to the East, making completed form of ritual implements as a set at No. 6512 tomb of Zhengjiawazi(鄭家窪子), Shenyang(沈陽) City. The assemblage includes the mirror with thunder designs on the back, Liaoning type bronze dagger, a disk-shaped bronze artefact, and a shield- or trumpet-shaped bronze artefact, etc. Later, the assemblage of ritual implements of Gojoseon had influence Three Hans.
The influence resulted in the formation of mirror with corse lines on their back, Korean-type bronze dagger, bamboo-shaped bronze artefact, a trumpet- and shield-shaped bronze artefact, etc. at Goejeong-dong, Daejeon, Namseong-ri, Asan, and Dongseo-ri, Yeosan. This is thought to be related to history recorded in the late 4th century B.C. regarding to the use of name of King in Gojoseon and to the advance to the East by a commender, Qingai(秦蓋) in Yan. Particularly, the bronze mirror with coarse lines on the back was distributed to Jilin(吉林) province in China, Yeonhaeju(沿海州) of Russia, and the Korean peninsula. The distribution is closely connected with the early state that was recorded in Chinese history,『Samgukji(三國志)』Wiseo(魏書) dongijeon(東夷傳). A new technique for producing bronze mirror appeared based on Mahan(馬韓) territory among Three Hans and that is the production of the bronze mirror with coarse lines on the back using soil moulds. Bronze mirror making employing stone moulds was widely spread from Northeast China to the East of the Korean peninsula and this could be regarded as being influenced by Gojoseon technique for producing bronzeware. However, the bronze mirror with coarse lines on the back made by using soil moulds was found on Geumgang(錦江) river basin in the South of the Korean peninsula as the center. The technique of using soil moulds, of course, was influenced by Gojoseon, but having considered the distribution of the bronze mirror with coarse lines on the back itself, the mirror is assumed to be locally produced from this area.
Along with unification of China by emperor Qin Shi Huang, many people flew into the Korean peninsula and at this point, a bronze mirror with fine lines on the back appeared. Compared with the bronze mirror with coarse lines on the back in the previous time, the bronze mirror with fine lines on the back which shows a high level of technology demonstrates the development of technique and a change to the distribution of artefacts as well as to an association of artefacts accompanied by the bronze mirror.
The distribution of the bronze mirror with fine lines on the back is only limited to the Korean peninsula and has not been spotted in Northeast China. The bronze mirror also appeared first in Japan. The time of distribution of bronze mirror into Japan is probably thought to be related to power of King Jun(準王) in Gojoseon who came down to the East with foundation of Wiman(衛滿) Joseon. Other artefacts which were found together include a set of bells, such as eight bell cluster, bronze artefacts with end bells, and pole-top bell and these are considered as Three Hans' own ritual implements. This means that ceremonies were performed having clothes be decorated with the bronze mirror with fine lines on the back and shaking bells. This shows the presence of ceremonies which were carried out prior to national festivals and wars, and this was not performed for the purpose of agriculture ceremony in agriculture society.
Particularly, bronze engraver and bronze chisel accompanied by a bronze mirror with coarse- and fine- lines on the back are in connection with divination bone and these could exhibit personality of their owner. This could be proved by the findings of excavation at Neuk-do island, Sacheon(泗川), which shows that a chief who held a ritual service preyed for the safe voyage in person using deer's divination bone at the trade centre of Neuk-do(勒島) island.
Putting all this together, a bronze mirror with knobs on the back is involved in the advent of the early state in the Korean peninsula and the owner of this is a politically influential ruler who mainly organized ritual ceremonies. Since a change into shape of the bronze mirror with knobs on the back was uniform, people who controlled production, distribution and possession are thought to be a member of ruling elite of the early state. In addition, a place of production was also extremely restricted and the distribution was only available from a limited production area so that ceremonies using the bronze mirror was performed within a certain group who had a close historical and cultural relationship. Therefore Three Hans, that was recorded in history, made its appearance as a polity in the late 4th century B.C. with the advent of the bronze mirror.
In 108 B.C. Han Chinese-style bronze mirror was brought into the Korean peninsula along with establishment of Hansagun(漢四郡), four commanderies of Han. Unlike a bronze mirror with knobs on the back, Han Chinese-style bronze mirror was made in China and flew into the Korean peninsula. A central group mainly based on the north of Kyushu(九州) Island played a role as a window through which Japan negotiated with Hangunhyeon(漢郡縣) uniformally, while the Korean peninsula had individual local groups which negotiated with Hangunhyeon freely. A difference could be confirmed from the fact that Han culture, like Han Chinese-style bronze mirror, was not detected exclusively in a certain area and was not found in succession. Moreover, a bronze mirror with knobs on the back exhibits a ruler's aspect on the basis of ritual ceremonies, while Han Chinese-style bronze mirror is a proof of economic trade and thus it has a totally different meaning. At this time, a bronze mirror which was made in the Korean peninsula its own is so called Bangjegyeong(倣製鏡). A predominant hypothesis is that Bangjegyeong was made in imitation of Han Chinese bronze mirror in the Korean peninsula due to a lack of the Han Chinese-style mirror. However, actually the advent of Bangjegyeong was made, regardless of a Han Chinese-style bronze mirror, in a series of development of bronze button in the Bronze Age into a bronze mirror with a knob on the back. Bangjegyeong was also available by the influence of a bronze mirror with knobs on the back, Han Chinese-style bronze mirror, and other designs.
Therefore most bronze mirrors, we called Bangjegyeong, are misunderstood as we has given undue value on designs of Han Chinese-style bronze mirror. Bangjegyeong is rather a small-sized bronze mirror which has ritual characteristics to the end, like a bronze mirror with knobs on the back. The Hangyeong(韓鏡) had been produced until the Three Kingdoms period and it was mainly excavated at remains of ancestral rites and small tombs. This means that a social position of Shaman who owns the bronze mirror was not that high in the Three Kingdoms period.
Chinese and Japanese bronze mirrors flew into the Korean peninsula in the Three Kingdoms period, but unlike China and Japan, it is thought that the bronze mirrors were less attractive artefacts. The number of the excavated bronze mirrors in the Three Kingdoms period of Goguryo(高句麗), Baekje(百濟), Shilla(新羅), and Gaya(加耶) areas are small and it is considered that a limited number of the artefacts were buried in a tomb depending on a political situation of each country. The absence of the bronze mirror is thought to be caused by a drop in its value due to the distribution of new material, Iron.
However the bronze mirror increased in number from the Unified Shilla Dynasty to the Goryeo(高麗) period as it changed from its previous use of ritual implements to cosmetic kit which is used when people take care of the way they look. This came to happen as the use of the bronze mirror became popularized as daily goods. However, it continued to be in use in a limited number as ritual implements, offering from Buddhism, and by ascetics of Taoism in the Goryeo period and the Joseon Dynasty period.