Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet B radiation and converted into its active form through hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys. It plays various physiological roles, including the regulation of ca...
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet B radiation and converted into its active form through hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys. It plays various physiological roles, including the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, immune modulation, and antioxidant activity. In particular, vitamin D contributes to the alleviating of oxidative stress by maintaining mitochondrial function and regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. However, despite the various health benefits of vitamin D for the body, approximately 95% of the Korean population suffer from vitamin D deficient. This study aimed to measure baseline vitamin D concentration and profile the metabolites of healthy Koreans and to investigate age-related differences in metabolic responses to cholecalciferol administration in the young (<30 years) and the elderly (≥65 years) groups using a targeted metabolomics approach.
To evaluate baseline vitamin D concentrations and its associated metabolic signatures, blood and plasma samples were collected from 42 healthy participants (mean age: 28.8 years). In the separate cohorts, 5 young participants (mean age: 25.2 years) and 9 elderly participants (mean age: 69.8 years) received a single oral dose of 2,000 IU cholecalciferol. Blood samples were collected prior to administration to assess baseline vitamin D concentrations, and plasma samples were collected both before and after supplementation to evaluate metabolic changes. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The AbsoluteIDQ® p180 kit was used to profile metabolites for plasma samples.
At baseline, all participants in all groups exhibited insufficient vitamin D concentrations. In the healthy group, 133 metabolites were detected, including alanine, glutamate, glycine, lysine, valine, and lysophosphatidylcholine. These metabolites are associated with energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and immune function. These associations were also observed in the young group prior to cholecalciferol administration.
While the young group showed no significant metabolic changes following cholecalciferol administration, the elderly group exhibited significant decreases in all 84 metabolites, each with a p-value below 0.05 indicating statistical significance. These metabolites included phosphatidylcholines, ether-linked phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, glutamate, glycine, taurine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and kynurenine. The reduction in these metabolites was primarily associated with enhanced lipid metabolism, decreased ROS, and improved immune function.
These findings suggest that cholecalciferol single administration may indicate potential improvements in mitochondrial function and activation of metabolic pathways in the elderly group. This study shows that metabolic responses to vitamin D differ with age and provides basic reference for future research on age-related vitamin D metabolism.