MODERNIZATION, SOCIAL CLEAVAGE, AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION

OHN, MAHN-GEUM The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1992 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between political integration and social cleavage structure. It reviews major theoretical perspectives and then suggests a modified explanation of social cleavage and its political implications. This study finds that regionalized social cleavage is responsible for such historical events as internal wars and separations, which are an extreme form of political disintegration. By applying the pooled cross-section time-series design to longitudinal data, it also finds that the major of political disintegration are regionalized cleavage, minority rule, and political discrimination. In addition, economic growth clearly interacts with the regional patterns of social cleavage. This paper has several implications for future studies. Studies of political integration should explicitly take into account the regional patterns of social cleavage. Regionalized cleavage not only affects integration directly, but it also interacts with other factors. Therefore, future studies should not assume that many factors mentioned in literature would have an additive effect.

THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL MOBILITY RESEARCH : BRINGING TIME INTO THE ANALYSIS OF MOBILITY TABLES

KIM, BYOUNG-KWAN The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1994 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.23 No.2

ABSTRACT This paper focuses, first, on the conceptual flaws inherent in conventional "standard mobility tables." Standard mobility tables completely ignore the timing of social mobility, and cannot control for the sojourn time at each occupational event. They ignore the unfolding of diverse career paths in one's lifetime and over generations. Cumulative mobility tables, which lately have been lauded by some researchers as a cure for such flaws in standard mobility tables, also suffer from conceptual difficulty, in that they confuse person and event as a unit of analysis in mobility tables. The main argument in this paper is that in order to overcame such flaws, we should incorporate the dimension of lime in mobility tables. As one conceptually sound and practically simple solution, the paper suggests constructing person-year mobility tables. Using life history data from Korean National Migration Survey, the paper compares the three kinds of mobility tables, and discusses the merits of analyzing person-year mobility tables within the broader context of dynamic models for social mobility study.

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA, 1910-1990 : SOUTH AND NORTH KOREA COMPARED

KIM, DOO-SUB The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1994 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.23 No.2

STRATEGIC OPTIONS FOR THE KOREAN AUTO INDUSTRY IN RESPONSE TO THE EMERGING NEW PRODUCTION SYSTEM, 1980-1992

JO, HYUNG-JE The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1993 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.22 No.1

This study attempts to undertake a comprehensive examination of the development of the Korean auto industry in the 1980s in relation to the changing international division of labor. This study adopts the theory of the neo-Schumpeterian school in older to overcome the limitations of the existing theories in the study of the development of the Korean auto industry in the 1980s. It focuses on the changes in the ‘production system' adopted by the Korean auto industry in response to the changes in the international division of labor brought in by the emergence and expansion of the new production system. The Korean auto industry has responded to the international and domestic competition on the basis of a particular production system which is founded on three factors - 1) technology, 2) labor-management relations, and 3) assembler-supplier relations. In the mid and late 1980s the domestic auto industry achieved relatively massive exports to the U.S. market on the basis of a typical mass production system. Since the late 1980s, however, the Korean auto industry began to face a ‘relative stagnation’ caused by a reduction in exports to the U.S. market. The fundamental reason for the decrease in Korean car sales in the U.S. market is that the domestic auto industry has found difficulties in maintaining even its mass production system due to two reasons: internally, rising trade union movement; externally, a world-wide expansion of the new production system. Up to now, the response of the domestic auto industry to this ‘relative stagnation’ is not an active adoption of the new production system, but a readjustment of the existing mass production system.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH LIMITED SUPPLIES OF FAMILY LABOR : CHINESE PEASANT FAMILIES IN BALANCING DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC REQUISITES

CHANG, KYUNG-SUP The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1991 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.20 No.1

In the absence of alternative organizations for efficient economic management in the countryside, the Chinese state decided to rehabilitate the peasant family as the core organization of rural production activities. While rural reform measures have provided peasant families with unexpectedly favorable economic opportunities, the simultaneously strengthened birth control policy has created an ironic shortage of family labor in this supposedly overpopulated country. In examining the Chinese experience of rural reform, this paper places its theoretical focus on the complex relationship between population change and economic development as is shaped by various economic functions of the peasant family. It is theoretically argued and empirically shown here that the family-reliant strategy of economic reform has fundamentally undercut the effectiveness of the population control programs and has ramified such unintended consequences as the reconstruction of “families of old designs" and the inverted proletarianization of small peasant families.

POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA

LEE, SOOK-JONG The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1991 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.20 No.1

This paper examines how the strategy of economic growth with exclusionary politics in South Korea was undermined by the very success of its industrialization policy. It argues that the recent political liberalization of South Korea resulted from popular pressures applied to the authoritarian regime. The social force for the democratization of the authoritarian regime in South Korea is defined as mass populism rather than as class struggle. In particular, the paper focuses on the different roles of social classes in the regime transition. The working class is described to be weaker in its role in the recent democratization process, compared to the protagonist role of university students and to the progressive elements of the middle class. Although South Korea’s on-going democratization sometimes shows signs of retrogression, her dramatic movement toward democratization in 1987 and the social consensus for democratization demonstrate that participatory democracy accompanies economic development and industrialization.

THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD-SYSTEM ON OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION

HAHM, INHEE The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1991 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.20 No.2

In order to better integrate women’s subordinate status into the world-system, I examined how processes of the new international division of labor and consequent underdevelopment affect women’s overall economic status and occupational sex segregation (OSS). For the empirical test, I used panel regression analyses with 71 cross national cases for 1960-80, and 1970-80 periods. The results of the analyses clearly show that world-system position, and economic development proved to have important consequences for OSS. However, the results unexpectedly show a negative relation for multinational corporation dependency, which are stronger for the longer term period than the shorter term. Of the intervening variables, the effects of female labor force participation show a negative effect on OSS, and those of the female share of the service sector show a strong positive effect on OSS at either point in time. Fertility did not show any significant effects on OSS.

COUNTY TOWN-JIAN-ZHI TOWN DIFFERENTIALS AND MIGRATION TO TOWNS IN CHINA

MA, RONG The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1993 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.22 No.1

As an in-depth study of urbanization in china, this paper examines the structural differentials between county towns and “jian-zhi” towns, both are under the category of “town” in official statistics. Based on the data from the 1987 survey on towns in Inner Mongolia, the findings indicate that county towns are quite different from the other “Jian-zhi” towns in their registration structure, occupational structure, and migration patterns. Compared with other countries, China has had quite a different experience with urbanization since 1949, mainly due to its economic systems and policies of migration control. This study of China’s township explores some unique characteristics which provide insights in understanding China’s social system.

EXPLORING AN ANALYTIC MODEL OF URBAN HOUSING STRATA

PARK, JEONG-HEE The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1992 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.21 No.1

FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICE AND WOMEN'S FERTILITY DECISION-MAKING POWER

NAM, SUNGHEE The Population and Development Studies Center Seou 1991 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.20 No.2

This paper investigates the effects of family planning practice on fertility decision-making power in South Korea. The log-linear analysis of the 1981 survey data by the Institute of Population and Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, shows that those urban and rural women who practice family planning or have experienced abortion exercise greater influence on couple’s fertility decision-making than those who do not practice family planning or have had no abortion experience. In addition, there is an interactive effect of abortion experience and contraceptive use on fertility decision-making among urban women. This finding is significant because regardless how birth control becomes available in a society, birth control use enhances women’s decision power concerning fertility.