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Park, So-Yeon,Kim, Il Han,Ye, Sung-Joon,Carlson, Joel,Park, Jong Min American Association of Physicists in Medicine 2014 Medical physics Vol.41 No.11
<P>Purpose: Texture analysis on fluence maps was performed to evaluate the degree of modulation for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Methods: A total of six textural features including angular second moment, inverse difference moment, contrast, variance, correlation, and entropy were calculated for fluence maps generated from 20 prostate and 20 head and neck VMAT plans. For each of the textural features, particular displacement distances (d) of 1, 5, and 10 were adopted. To investigate the deliverability of each VMAT plan, gamma passing rates of pretreatment quality assurance, and differences in modulating parameters such as multileaf collimator (MLC) positions, gantry angles, and monitor units at each control point between VMAT plans and dynamic log files registered by the Linac control system during delivery were acquired. Furthermore, differences between the original VMAT plan and the plan reconstructed from the dynamic log files were also investigated. To test the performance of the textural features as indicators for the modulation degree of VMAT plans, Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (r(s)) with the plan deliverability were calculated. For comparison purposes, conventional modulation indices for VMAT including the modulation complexity score for VMAT, leaf travel modulation complexity score, and modulation index supporting station parameter optimized radiation therapy (MISPORT) were calculated, and their correlations were analyzed in the same way. Results: There was no particular textural feature which always showed superior correlations with every type of plan deliverability. Considering the results comprehensively, contrast (d = 1) and variance (d = 1) generally showed considerable correlations with every type of plan deliverability. These textural features always showed higher correlations to the plan deliverability than did the conventional modulation indices, except in the case of modulating parameter differences. The r(s) values of contrast to the global gamma passing rates with criteria of 2%/2 mm, 2%/1 mm, and 1%/2 mm were 0.536, 0.473, and 0.718, respectively. The respective values for variance were 0.551, 0.481, and 0.688. In the case of local gamma passing rates, the r(s) values of contrast were 0.547, 0.578, and 0.620, respectively, and those of variance were 0.519, 0.527, and 0.569. All of the r(s) values in those cases were statistically significant (p < 0.003). In the cases of global and local gamma passing rates, MISPORT showed the highest correlations among the conventional modulation indices. For global passing rates, r(s) values of MISPORT were -0.420, -0.330, and -0.632, respectively, and those for local passing rates were -0.455, -0.490 and -0.502. The values of r(s) of contrast, variance, and MISPORT with the MLC errors were -0.863, -0.828, and 0.795, respectively, all with statistical significances (p < 0.001). The correlations with statistical significances between variance and dose-volumetric differences were observed more frequently than the others. Conclusions: The contrast (d = 1) and variance (d = 1) calculated from fluence maps of VMAT plans showed considerable correlations with the plan deliverability, indicating their potential use as indicators for assessing the degree of modulation of VMAT plans. Both contrast and variance consistently showed better performance than the conventional modulation indices for VMAT. (C) 2014 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.</P>
Kim, Chang Won,Kim, Jong Hyo The American Association of Physicists in Medicine 2014 Medical physics Vol.41 No.1
Purpose: Reducing the patient dose while maintaining the diagnostic image quality during CT exams is the subject of a growing number of studies, in which simulations of reduced-dose CT with patient data have been used as an effective technique when exploring the potential of various dose reduction techniques. Difficulties in accessing raw sinogram data, however, have restricted the use of this technique to a limited number of institutions. Here, we present a novel reduced-dose CT simulation technique which provides realistic low-dose images without the requirement of raw sinogram data.Methods: Two key characteristics of CT systems, the noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) and the algorithmic modulation transfer function (MTF), were measured for various combinations of object attenuation and tube currents by analyzing the noise power spectrum (NPS) of CT images obtained with a set of phantoms. Those measurements were used to develop a comprehensive CT noise model covering the reduced x-ray photon flux, object attenuation, system noise, and bow-tie filter, which was then employed to generate a simulated noise sinogram for the reduced-dose condition with the use of a synthetic sinogram generated from a reference CT image. The simulated noise sinogram was filtered with the algorithmic MTF and back-projected to create a noise CT image, which was then added to the reference CT image, finally providing a simulated reduced-dose CT image. The simulation performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of NPS similarity, the noise magnitude, the bow-tie filter effect, and the streak noise pattern at photon starvation sites with the set of phantom images.Results: The simulation results showed good agreement with actual low-dose CT images in terms of their visual appearance and in a quantitative evaluation test. The magnitude and shape of the NPS curves of the simulated low-dose images agreed well with those of real low-dose images, showing discrepancies of less than +/-3.2% in terms of the noise power at the peak height and +/-1.2% in terms of the spatial frequency at the peak height. The magnitudes of the noise measured for 12 different combinations the phantom size, tube current, and reconstruction kernel for the simulated and real low-dose images were very similar, with differences of 0.1 to 4.7%. The p value for a statistical testing of the difference in the noise magnitude ranged from 0.99 to 0.11, showing that there was no difference statistically between the noise magnitudes of the real and simulated low-dose images using our method. The strength and pattern of the streak noise in an anthropomorphic phantom was also consistent with expectations.Conclusions: A novel reduced-dose CT simulation technique was developed which uses only CT images while not requiring raw sinogram data. Our method can provide realistic simulation results under reduced-dose conditions both in terms of the noise magnitude and the textual appearance. This technique has the potential to promote clinical research for patient dose reductions. (C) 2014 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
Automatic reconstruction of the arterial and venous trees on volumetric chest CT.
Park, Seyoun,Lee, Sang Min,Kim, Namkug,Seo, Joon Beom,Shin, Hayong The American Association of Physicists in Medicine 2013 Medical physics Vol.40 No.7
<P>This paper introduces a novel approach to classify pulmonary arteries and veins from volumetric chest computed tomography (CT) images. Although there is known to be a relationship between the alteration of vessel distributions and the progress of various pulmonary diseases, there has been relatively little research on the quantification of pulmonary vessels in vivo due to morphological difficulties. In particular, there have been few efforts to quantify the morphology and distribution of only arteries or veins through automated algorithms despite the clinical importance of such work. In this study, the authors classify different types of vessels by constructing a tree structure from vascular points while minimizing the construction cost using the vascular geometries and features of CT images.</P>
Calculation of strain images of a breast-mimicking phantom from 3D CT image data.
Kim, Jae G,Aowlad Hossain, A B M,Shin, Jong H,Lee, Soo Y The American Association of Physicists in Medicine 2012 Medical physics Vol.39 No.9
<P>Elastography is a medical imaging modality to visualize the elasticity of soft tissues. Ultrasound and MRI have been exclusively used for elastography of soft tissues since they can sensitize the tissues' minute displacements of an order of 관m. It is known that ultrasound and MRI elastography show cancerous tissues with much higher contrast than conventional ultrasound and MRI. To evaluate possibility of combining elastography with x-ray imaging, we have calculated strain images of a breast-mimicking phantom from its 3D CT image data.</P>