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Study on the Ophthalmic Diseases in ICR Mice and BALB/c Mice
PARK, Shin Ae,JEONG, Seong Mok,YI, Na Young,KIM, Min Su,JEONG, Man Bok,SUH, Jun Gyo,OH, Yang Seok,WON, Moo Ho,NAM, Tchi Chou,PARK, Jae Hak,SEO, Kang Moon Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2006 Experimental animals Vol.55 No.2
<P>In pharmaceutical companies and research institutes, many toxicity tests are performed with laboratory animals. This study was performed to produce reference data for eye toxicity tests and to investigate the ophthalmic diseases of 408 ICR mice and 119 BALB/c mice, which are commonly used as subjects in toxicity tests. The experimental animals without clinical disorders were selected regardless of sex. The ophthalmic diseases were examined by using special ophthalmic instruments: direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, slit-lamp biomicroscope and focal illuminator. The most prevalent ocular variation within normal limits was hyaloid vessel remnant (ICR mice, 28.2%; BALB/c mice, 31.9%) and the incidence gradually decreased with age. The ocular diseases found in ICR mice were retinal degeneration (9.8%), corneal scar (4.2%), focal cataract (2.2%), anisocoria (1.2%), corneal ulcer (0.2%) and uveitis (0.2%). In BALB/c mice, corneal scar (9.2%), focal cataract (1.7%) and corneal ulcer (0.8%) were the ocular diseases found.</P>
LEE, Hyeon Yong,HWANG, In Koo,KIM, Dae Ho,KIM, Jung Hwa,KIM, Chang Ho,LIM, Beong Ou,KANG, Tae-Cheon,BANG, Kyung Hwan,SEONG, Nak Sul,LEE, Hak Ju,KIM, Jong Dai,WON, Moo Ho Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2005 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Vol.54 No.1
<P>Although galanin (GAL) protects hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage, no study has examined ischemia-related changes in endogenous GAL in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We investigated the chronological changes of GAL, well-known as the potassium channel opener, expression in the dentate gyrus at various times after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. A few GAL-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were found in the polymorphic layer of the sham-operated group. Three hours after ischemia-reperfusion, the pattern of GAL immunoreactivity was similar to that of the sham-operated group and the number of GAL-IR neurons and immunoreactivity were highest 12 h after ischemic insult. At this time, GAL-IR neurons in the polymorphic layer showed strong GAL immunoreactivity. Thereafter, GAL-IR neurons and immunoreactivity significantly decreased in the dentate hilar region. Four days after ischemic insult, GAL-IR neurons were not detectable. In addition, the results of a Western blot study showed a pattern of GAL expression similar to the immunohistochemical changes. GAL protein content also was highest 12 h after ischemia. In conclusion, the increased expression of endogenous GAL in the dentate gyrus after ischemia is related to response to the ischemic damage.</P>
Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2007 Experimental animals Vol.56 No.2
<P>Ubiquitination is required throughout all developmental stages of mammalian spermatogenesis. The two ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) enzymes, UCH-L1 and UCH-L3, deubiquitinate ubiquitin-protein conjugates and control the cellular balance of ubiquitin. These two UCH isozymes have 52% amino acid identity and share significant structural similarity. A new function of these two closely related UCH enzymes during spermatogenesis which is associated with germ cell apoptosis has been analyzed. Apoptosis, in general, is thought to be partly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. During spermatogenesis, apoptosis controls germ cell numbers and eliminates defective germ cells to facilitate testicular homeostasis. In this paper, I review the distinct function of the two UCH isozymes in the testis of gad and Uchl3 knockout mice, which are strongly but reciprocally expressed during spermatogenesis. In addition, the importance of UCHL1-dependent apoptosis for normal spermatogenesis and sperm quality control is discussed.</P>
YEOM, Su-Cheong,YU, Sun-A,CHOI, Eun-Young,LEE, Byeong-Chun,LEE, Wang-Jae Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2009 Experimental animals Vol.58 No.5
<P>We investigated the prevalence of <I>Helicobacter hepaticus</I>, murine norovirus (MNV), and <I>Pneumocystis carinii</I> and the efficacy of cross-fostering for their eradication in 49 genetically engineered mouse (GEM) strains at our institute. Prevalences of <I>H. hepaticus</I>, MNV, and <I>P. carinii</I> were 33.9, 36.5, and 8.6%, respectively, and immunodeficient strains showed relatively higher prevalence of the 3 pathogens than immunocompetent strains. Additionally, the same immune phenotype strains showed similar prevalences. Furthermore, it was found that NKT cells might play a role in <I>H. hepaticus</I> resistance. Interestingly, there was a high incidence of <I>H. hepaticus</I> and MNV multiple infection. Strains with single or multiple infections of <I>H. hepaticus</I>, MNV, and/or <I>P. carinii</I> were selected, and cross-fostering was conducted. Cross-fosterings were successful at eradicating <I>P. carinii</I>, but there were some failures for <I>H. hepaticus</I> and MNV, and the efficacy of eradication was relatively low compared with previous studies. We thought that this low efficacy might have been due to persistent infection and the high suscepibility to <I>H. hepaticus</I> and MNV of immunodeficient GEM strains. Therefore, cross-fostering may be appropriate for <I>P. carinii</I> eradication, but be inappropriate for repopulation of a new breeding colony with <I>H. hepaticus</I> or MNV infected GEM strains. Our findings provide basic data on maintenance, strain susceptibility, and successful rederivation, especially for GEMs.</P>
Licorice Extract Does Not Impair the Male Reproductive Function of Rats
SHIN, Sunhee,JANG, Ja Young,CHOI, Byong-il,BAEK, In-Jeoung,YON, Jung-Min,HWANG, Bang Yeon,PARK, Dongsun,JEON, Jeong Hee,NAM, Sang-Yoon,YUN, Young Won,KIM, Yun-Bae Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2008 Experimental animals Vol.57 No.1
<P>The effect of water extract of licorice (<I>Glycyrrhiza uralensis</I>), one of the most widely used medicinal plants in Oriental nations and in Europe, on male reproductive function was investigated in rats. Licorice extract was prepared as in Oriental clinics and orally administered at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, the upper-limit dose (2,000 mg/kg) recommended in the Toxicity Test guideline of the Korea Food and Drug Administration, to 6-week-old male rats for 9 weeks. Licorice extract neither induced clinical signs, nor affected the daily feed consumption and body weight gain. There were no significant changes in testicular weights, gross and microscopic findings, and daily sperm production between vehicle- and licorice-treated animals, in spite of slight decreases in prostate weight and daily sperm production at the high dose (2,000 mg/kg). In addition, licorice did not affect the motility and morphology of sperm, although the serum testosterone level tended to decrease without significant difference, showing a 28.6% reduction in the high-dose (2,000 mg/kg) group. The results suggest that the no observed adverse-effect level of licorice extract is higher than 2,000 mg/kg, the upper-limit dose, and that long-term exposure to licorice might not cause profound adverse effects.</P>
SHIN, Sunhee,JEON, Jeong Hee,PARK, Dongsun,JANG, Ja Young,JOO, Seong Soo,HWANG, Bang Yeon,CHOE, Soo Young,KIM, Yun-Bae Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2009 Experimental animals Vol.58 No.4
<P>Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of <I>Angelica gigas</I> (EAG; 50, 160, or 500 mg/kg) were investigated in a carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. Injection of 1 ml of carrageenan (1%) into mouse air pouches markedly increased the exudate volume and exudate albumin concentration, which were significantly attenuated by oral pretreatment with EAG. EAG also markedly reduced carrageenan-induced infiltrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but did not influence eosinophils or basophils. Carrageenan dramatically increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, which might be derived from the infiltrated cells. It also elevated nitric oxide, and slightly increased prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB>. EAG pretreatment significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide, but did not alter interleukin-6 or prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB> levels. These results indicate that EAG attenuates some inflammatory responses by blocking the tumor necrosis factor-α-nitric oxide pathway, and that EAG could be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate for inflammatory diseases.</P>