Golf and Skin Health: A Narrative Review

Allan G. Matthews(Allan G. Matthews ),Hannah Preston(Hannah Preston ),Andrew Murray(Andrew Murray ),Roger Hawkes(Roger Hawkes ) 사피엔시아 2018 Exercise Medicine Vol.2 No.-

Objectives: Recent studies have reported that playing golf has overall physical and mental health benefits. Through being placed in the sun for extended periods of time, the golfing population faces an increased risk of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) associated skin problems, most importantly skin cancer. Our aim was to collate and summarise current literature on the relationship between golf and skin cancer. Methods: We searched multiple web-based, health-focused databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Web of science, Scopus, Sportdiscus, UK clinical trials, Current controlled trials and Prospero) to identify records. Relevant papers were critically appraised and reported using a descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 11 studies are included in the review. Golf is associated with relatively more UVR exposure than other outdoor activities such as fishing, tennis, pool swimming, cricket, gardening, ‘sun-worshipping’ and sailing. Calculated relative risk of non- melanoma skin cancer, based on cumulative UV exposure, is higher in golfers than non-golfers. Mid morning tee-times or playing golf between 11am -3pm associated with highest UVR exposures. Golfers can be exposed to potentially harmful levels of UVR during play in winter at some latitudes. Vertex (scalp), shoulders, back, back of neck and posterior arms exposed to more UVR than front of body during play. Common golf attire is of limited value in protecting the neck. Targeted skin cancer skin cancer prevention and early detection campaigns are well received among the golfing population. Conclusions: Overall, playing golf is associated with longevity and both physical and mental health benefits. Studies to date indicate that golfers (professionals > recreational players) are exposed to potentially harmful levels of UVR during play, but the true morbidity/mortality associated with this exposure is not known. Playing golf should be encouraged in all age groups, though golfers, the golf industry and policy makers should act to minimize the harmful effects of UVR exposure, and have they have ability to also be hugely influential on an important public health message.

Different mr-proANP-release in High Volume High Intensity Interval Exercise and Continuous Exercise Regimens with Matched Mean Intensity: A Cross-over Design Study

Julian Eigendorf(Julian Eigendorf ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Prevalence and risk factors of arterial stiffness and diabetes can be improved through physical activity and exercise. Atrial natriuretic peptid (ANP) does impact vasodilation and lipid metabolism and thus is connected to both pathologies. To extend insights in ANP-release we measured mid regional-proANP (mr-proANP) in different exercise training protocols in rest and at cessation of exercise. We evaluated a high volume high intensity interval (HVHIT), high volume sprint interval training (HVSIT) and a continuous exercise (CE) regimen with matched mean intensity. Methods: Subjects completed HVHIT (30s interval/30s pause), HVSIT (6s interval /24s pause) and continuous exercise (CE) over 45 min, as well as an initial graded exercise test (GXT) to asses maximum power output (PmaxGXT). Intervals during HVHIT were set to 100% PmaxGXT, intervals during SIT were set to 250% PmaxGXT and load during CE was set to 50% PmaxGXT. HVHIT, HVSIT and CE sessions were initiated with a 10 min warm-up and concluded with a 10 min cool-down. Venous blood samples were drawn at rest and after cessation of exercise. Results: Δmr-proANP was significantly different (p=0.048; RM ANOVA) between the three different exercise regimens. Δmr-proANP during CE was 17.8 (±2.0) pmol*l-1, during HVHIT 22.5 (±4.5) pmol*l-1 and during SIT 24.5 (±7.8) pmol*l-1. [Δmr-proANP] was not correlated to absolute power during intervals, peak oxygen uptake or heartrate, but was significantly correlated to Δlactate. Conclusions: We conclude that high intensity exercise causes a higher ANP-release than CE. This can be caused by the recurrent shift from relaxing and stressing of the heart muscle, which is known to trigger ANP-release. Other factors are likely to contribute to ANP-release.

Bag Carrying Method during Level Walking Affects Perceived Exertion Ratings without Altering Energy Cost, Oxygen Consumption, and Heart Rate in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Hiroto Honda(Hiroto Honda ),Reina Maeda(Reina Maeda ),Suguru Ando(Suguru Ando ),Kenji Shinbo(Kenji Shinbo ),Wataru Nanikawa(Wataru Nanikawa ),Masaki Iwamura(Masaki Iwamura ),Yoshihiro Yamashina(Yoshih 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Little is known regarding the associations between Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE), cardiopulmonary responses, and carrying bags while level walking. We investigated the changes in RPE and cardiopulmonary responses, including energy cost (EC), oxygen consumption (VdotO₂), and heart rate (HR), when walking with a bag. Methods: This randomized crossover study included 10 healthy adults (aged 21–22 years). Four days of experiments were performed at intervals of 1–2 weeks. The participants walked on a level treadmill while carrying a bag with a strap weighting 5 kg, placed diagonally on their shoulders (DS), vertically on their shoulders (VS), vertically in one hand (VH), and on their backs using both shoulders (BS) for 20 min. Walking speed was stable among all experiments, and was set to the participants’ preferred speed. Results: No significant differences between bag carrying methods regarding EC, VdotO₂, and %HRreserve (based on HR) were observed, whereas RPE respiratory (RPE-resp) and RPE leg muscle (RPE-leg) scores varied based on bag carrying method used. RPE-resp score was significantly lower for DS and BS than VH (both p < 0.0083); however, no significant difference was observed when each RPE-leg score was compared. Conclusions: We found that RPE-resp score varied, whereas no changes in EC, VdotO₂, and HR were observed in healthy adults while walking with different bag carrying methods. Additionally, of all bag carrying methods assessed, the highest RPE-resp score was observed when individuals carried a bag with one-hand at their side.

Effect of Upper Limb Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation with Resistance Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength in Quadriplegics: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Chanchal Gautam(Chanchal Gautam ),Jaskirat Kaur(Jaskirat Kaur ),Harpreet Singh(Harpreet Singh ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Spinal cord injuries lead to impairment of the respiratory system due to paresis or paralysis of the respiratory muscles leading to respiratory insufficiency, which is dependent on the level and completeness of the injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of upper limb proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) combined with resistance training on respiratory muscle strength and perceived difficulty of breathing in individuals with tetraplegia. Methods: 26 participants with traumatic tetraplegia C5-C8 participated in the study. They were then allocated in two different groups. PNF Group received upper extremity PNF combined with resistance training for 10 repetitions per set, 3 sets 3 times a week for 4 weeks, and CONT Group received respiratory training with triflow type incentive spirometer. Participants were evaluated for maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and modified borg scale (MBS). Results: After four weeks of intervention, there were significant improvement in the scores of MIP, MEP, MBS in both groups separately. Also between group comparison showed significant improvement in scores of MIP (P=0.004), MEP (P =0.004), MBS (P=0.001) in PNF Group as compared to CONT Group. Conclusions: This study concludes that there was significant improvement in respiratory muscle strength and rate of perceived difficulty of breathing using upper limb PNF combined with resistance training in tetraplegics.

Participation in a Community-Based Sport Program is Feasible for Children with Congenital Heart Disease and May Benefit Physical Literacy Development: A Pilot Study

Angelica Z. Blais(Angelica Z. Blais ),Jane Lougheed(Jane Lougheed ),Kristi B. Adamo(Kristi B. Adamo ),Patricia E. Longmuir(Patricia E. Longmuir ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) often lack confidence and demonstrate limited movement skills during physical activity. Community-based sport programs have been suggested to build their confidence and competence. This study examined the feasibility and physical literacy impact of an existing community-based sport program for children with moderate to complex CHD. Methods: This pilot study employed a parallel mixed method, single-case experimental design to evaluate the feasibility and impact of a weekly, community-based sport intervention (Sportball©). Intervention field notes and focus group transcripts were analysed deductively to inform feasibility. Physical literacy outcomes were measured using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy. Paired t-tests examined changes in physical literacy scores, while qualitative data informed perceived changes in physical literacy tasks. Results: Participants (n=11, 45% female) were 8.2 ± 1.2 years. Nine children completed >80% of the 1-hour Sportball© sessions (10 lessons total). No adverse events occurred during or as a result of the intervention. Enabling participants to recognize the sensations of exercise and whether or not they needed to rest, designing activities and instructions to mitigate the risk of body contact, and accommodating the needs of participants with developmental/attentional limitations were important factors embedded into the design of the program, contributing to its feasibility. Participants reported perceived improvements in movement skill and torso endurance/strength, changes which were reflected in the objective physical literacy measures (movement skill: Δ mean= 2.0 ± 0.98 points, p=0.07, r=0.57; torso endurance/strength: Δ mean= 5.27 ± 7.20 seconds, p=0.44, r=0.26). Conclusions: The Sportball© intervention was feasible for children with CHD, including those with activity restrictions or developmental delays. Children enjoyed the program and wanted it to continue. Measurable improvements in movement skill and muscular endurance were recognized by participants. Future trials evaluating Sportball©’s impact with larger samples and multiple 10-week sessions are recommended.

Detection of High-impact Movements in a Volleyball Match: A Cross-Sectional Study

Yasuharu Nagano(Yasuharu Nagano ),Shogo Sasaki(Shogo Sasaki ),Yuka Kose(Yuka Kose ),Hiroshi Ichikawa(Hiroshi Ichikawa ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Detection of the frequency or intensity of high-impact movements during volleyball match would help understand physical load causing the injuries. The present study aimed to classify different volleyball-specific high-impact movements based on the measurement of trunk acceleration in a volleyball match as a cross-sectional study. Methods: Linear accelerations of six female volleyball players were measured during a single volleyball match. The instances at which >4G and >6G of resultant acceleration was generated were detected. Movements recorded with a synchronized video were also detected and categorized. Counts (cases) and frequencies (cases/min) of the detected movements were calculated, and the resultant and each directional acceleration among the top seven volleyball-specific detected movements were compared. Results: For attackers, 361 and 97 movements were detected for the resultant acceleration thresholds over 4G and 6G, respectively. Landing, takeoff and running were the top three detected movements in both thresholds. Landing was the most frequently observed high-impact movement, and the ratio of landing over 6G was greater among all detected movements compared with the ratios of landing over 4G threshold. For receivers, 297 and 38 movements were detected for the resultant acceleration thresholds over 4G and 6G, respectively. Running, steps on the spot, and steps forward or backward were the top three detected movements. The top seven detected volleyball-specific movements generating over 4G were landing after blocking, landing after spiking, takeoff before spiking, takeoff before blocking, stationary steps during receiving, steps forward or backward during receiving and sidesteps during receiving. Resultant and vertical accelerations of landing after spiking were significantly greater than those of the other six movements (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using the results of present study, we were able to estimate the physical load causing injuries during a real volleyball match.

Effect of 8 Weeks of Grip Strength Training on Adolescent Sprint Swimming: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Khaled Abdullah Alshdokhi(Khaled Abdullah Alshdokhi ),Carl James Petersen(Carl James Petersen ),Jenny Claire Clarke(Jenny Claire Clarke ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Grip strength positively correlates with faster sprint swimming performance in both master and elite level swimmers. But it remains unknown whether improving grip strength improves swim performance. Our objective was firstly to increase grip strength and secondly to determine if improved grip strength results in faster backstroke and freestyle sprint swimming performance. Methods: Using a randomised, control trial design 26 adolescent swimmers were randomly divided into either a swimming only Control group (n=9, age 11.5 ± 1.6 y; 6 male, 3 female) or one of two grip strength training groups: Powerball (n=9, age 11.5 ± 1.6 y, 6 male, 3 female) or Stressball (n= 8, age 11.6 ± 1.6 y, 5 male, 3 female). The Powerball (Powerball and Power Gripper devices) and Stressball (Stressball and Skrunch ball) groups completed a grip strength training program (4x/week for 8 weeks) in addition to their normal swimming training (4 hours per week). Pre and post the training intervention, isometric grip strength was measured using a mechanical hand dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN) while 50 m freestyle and 100 m backstroke short-course swimming time trials were also undertaken. Results: Over 8 weeks, all groups improved their maximal grip strength with moderate to large changes (Powerball 30 ± 12%, ES=1.70; Stressball 36 ± 22%, ES=1.07; Control 35 ± 12%, ES=0.79). There were no statistically significant changes for any group in the 100 m backstroke (P>0.05), but significant (P<0.05) small improvement in the Powerball (4.1 ± 5.6%, ES=0.26) and Stressball groups (3.4 ± 3.4%, ES=0.24) during 50 m freestyle. There were no significant between group changes for any variable. Conclusions: Grip strength improved but failed to improve 100 m backstroke performance. Improving grip strength may contribute towards faster 50 m freestyle swim performance in this adolescent age group.

Identifying Criteria for a Physical Literacy Screening Task: An Expert Delphi Process

Heather L. Rotz(Heather L. Rotz ),Anastasia Alpous(Anastasia Alpous ),Charles Boyer(Charles Boyer ),Patricia E. Longmuir(Patricia E. Longmuir ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: REACH (Recreation, Education, Allied-health, Coaching, Healthcare) leaders support children’s physical literacy journey in diverse settings. This project sought physical literacy screening tool criteria that REACH leaders could use to assess children. Methods: A 3-round expert Delphi process sought consensus (75% of participants stating agree/strongly agree) regarding physical literacy screening. Group discussions (Round 1) identified screening issues. Qualitative analyses represented the issues as statements. Experts rated each statement (5-point Likert scale) in Rounds 2 and 3. Mean Round 2 rating for each statement was provided in Round 3. Results: 53 experts were invited to participate with 37 (63% female, mean career length = 16 years) providing consent. Each round comprised at least 7 experts with primary/secondary expertise for each sector. Round 1 identified 60 criteria and 27 potential screening tasks, which were represented in 90 statements. Consensus was achieved for 44/90 statements in Round 2 and 51/90 statements in Round 3. Conclusions: Expert consensus suggests that physical literacy screening should utilize both objectively measured tasks and questionnaires. Encompassing multiple facets of physical literacy, including motor competence, motivation, strength, endurance, and daily behavior, is important. Research is required to identify potential tasks that meet these criteria and are suitable for each REACH sector.

Effect of Eight Week's Dryland Strength Training on Adolescent Backstroke and Freestyle Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Khaled Abdullah Alshdokhi(Khaled Abdullah Alshdokhi ),Carl James Petersen(Carl James Petersen ),Jenny Claire Clarke(Jenny Claire Clarke ) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: Swimmers undertake dryland training to improve power and maximise propulsion. Our purpose was to improve strength and quantify transfer to adolescent sprint backstroke and freestyle performances. Methods: Twenty-eight male competitive swimmers participated (age: 12.6±2.6 years; height 156.4±13.4 cm; mass 49.8±15.0 Kg; 50 m freestyle best time 45.0±8.5 s) and were randomized to either dryland strength plus swimming (DS) or a swimming only control group (CONT). The 8 week dryland programme (3 days/week) consisted of 8–10 exercises per session (22 exercises in total) with predominantly 1–2 sets of ~10–20 repetitions. Pre, mid and post 8 weeks training, a strength test battery (countermovement jump, pronated chin ups, isometric forearm and back extension) and 25 m pool testing of backstroke and freestyle was undertaken. Results: DS had greater strength improvements across the test battery (13–167%; ES, 0.51–1.84) than CONT (8-120%; ES, 0.35–2.0) with p<0.05 for 6 of 8 measures. For 50 and 100 m freestyle, DS had greater percentage improvement (DS, 4.8±1.6 and 3.7±1.6%, ES, 0.20 and 0.16; CONT, 2.7±0.9 and 1.6±0.8%, ES, 0.16 and 0.13, p<0.01). There was no between group statistically significant change in backstroke percentage improvement, however both groups displayed small magnitudes of improvements in 50 m and trivial improvements over the 100 m distance (DS, 4.4±2.3 and 1.6±0.5%, ES, 0.29 and 0.08; CONT, 3.6±2.5 and 1.3±0.5%, ES, 0.26, 0.08). Conclusions: Over 8 weeks, adding 90 min dryland training / week to ~7 hour/week swim schedule further improved freestyle ~2.1% and backstroke ~0.5% more than swim training alone.

The Effects of Changes in Workplace Environment on Sedentary Behavior and Work Efficiency: A Natural Pre-Post Study

Jiameng Ma(Jiameng Ma),Dongmei Ma(Dongmei Ma),Qiang Wang(Qiang Wang),Hyunshik Kim(Hyunshik Kim) 사피엔시아 2020 Exercise Medicine Vol.4 No.-

Objectives: The workplace environment has an influence on the physical well-being of workers and their productivity. This study examined how sedentary time and work efficiency changed before and after an intervention to improve the ergonomics of a workplace environment. Methods: This study was designed as a natural pre-post study. Workers were evaluated 101 (77% men, mean [SD] age=44.6[9.8] years) after the intervention. The intervention included the addition of sit-stand desks, fitness rooms, and rest areas at the workplace. The effect of the intervention was assessed after a period of three months. Sedentary behavior and physical activities were evaluated using triaxial accelerometers, body fat percentage and fat-free mass were calculated from body composition, and work engagement and work performance were evaluated through questionnaires. T-tests were used to compare the differences. Results: The percentage of time spent sitting decreased post-intervention (-1.7, 95% CI: -0.4, -3.1). Work performance compared to either three months pre-survey increased significantly post-intervention (Most workers assessment: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.8, 0.3; Self-rated performance the past year or two: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.6, 0.4; Self-rated performance the past 4 weeks: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.6, 0.3). Work engagement improved significantly in terms of vigor at work (0.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 0.5), dedication to work (0.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 0.7), and absorption in work (0.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 0.5). Conclusions: Improving a workplace environment using existing facilities decreased sedentary time and enhanced work efficiency—these findings are useful for workplace health promotion and public health policies.