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Song, Hyeyoung,Song, Kyung-Won,Hong, Seon-Pyo The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.4
Background: White ginseng consists of the roots and rhizomes of the Panax species, and red ginseng is made by steaming and drying white ginseng. While red ginseng has both polar and nonpolar ginsenosides, previous studies showed white ginseng to have only polar ginsenosides. Because nonpolar ginsenosides are formed through the manufacture of red ginseng from white ginseng, researchers have generally thought that nonpolar ginsenosides do not exist in white ginseng. Methods: We developed a simultaneous quantitative method for six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. The nonpolar ginsenosides of white ginseng were extracted for 4 h under reflux with 50% methanol. Results: Using the gradient elution system, all target components were completely separated within 50 min. Nonpolar ginsenosides were determined in the rhizome head (RH), main root (MR), lateral root, and hairy root (HR) of 6-year-old white ginseng samples obtained from several regions (Geumsan, Punggi, and Kanghwa). The total content in the HR of white ginseng was 37.8-56.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng. The total content in the MR of white ginseng was 5.9-24.3% of that in the MR of red ginseng. In addition, the total content in the RH of white ginseng was 28.5-35.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng Conclusion: It was confirmed that nonpolar ginsenosides known to be specific components of red ginseng were present at substantial concentrations in the HR or RH of white ginseng.
Song, Juhyun,Kang, So Mang,Lee, Won Taek,Park, Kyung Ah,Lee, Kyoung Min,Lee, Jong Eun Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol.2014 No.-
<P>Melatonin has a cellular protective effect in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Protection of brain endothelial cells against hypoxia and oxidative stress is important for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, since brain endothelial cells constitute the blood brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of melatonin against oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by reperfusion- (OGD/R-) induced injury, in bEnd.3 cells. The effect of melatonin was examined by western blot analysis, cell viability assays, measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Our results showed that treatment with melatonin prevents cell death and degradation of tight junction protein in the setting of OGD/R-induced injury. In response to OGD/R injury of bEnd.3 cells, melatonin activates Akt, which promotes cell survival, and attenuates phosphorylation of JNK, which triggers apoptosis. Thus, melatonin protects bEnd.3 cells against OGD/R-induced injury.</P>
Song, Jae-Uk,Song, Junwhi,Lee, Kyung Jong,Kim, Hojoong,Kwon, O Jung,Choi, Joon Young,Kim, Jhingook,Han, Joungho,Um, Sang-Won The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2017 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.80 No.4
Background: A ground-glass nodule (GGN) represents early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. However, there is still no consensus for preoperative staging of GGNs. Therefore, we evaluated the need for the routine use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during staging. Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken in 72 patients with 74 GGNs of less than 3 cm in diameter, which were confirmed via surgery as malignancy, at the Samsung Medical Center between May 2010 and December 2011. Results: The median age of the patients was 59 years. The median GGN diameter was 18 mm. Pure and part-solid GGNs were identified in 35 (47.3%) and 39 (52.7%) cases, respectively. No mediastinal or distant metastasis was observed in these patients. In preoperative staging, all of the 74 GGNs were categorized as stage IA via chest CT scans. Additional PET/CT scans and brain MRIs classified 71 GGNs as stage IA, one as stage IIIA, and two as stage IV. However, surgery and additional diagnostic work-ups for abnormal findings from PET/CT scans classified 70 GGNs as stage IA, three as stage IB, and one as stage IIA. The chest CT scans did not differ from the combined modality of PET/CT scans and brain MRIs for the determination of the overall stage (94.6% vs. 90.5%; kappa value, 0.712). Conclusion: PET/CT scans in combination with brain MRIs have no additional benefit for the staging of patients with GGN lung adenocarcinoma before surgery.
Song, Hannah,Yun, Su-Won,Chun, Ho-Hwan,Kim, Min-Gyu,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Kim, Hyung Sun,Cho, Byung-Won,Kim, Yong-Tae The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.5 No.12
<P>Since one of the main drawbacks of Li<SUB>4</SUB>Ti<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>12</SUB> as a negative-electrode material is its low electronic conductivity, several researchers have attempted to improve the conductivity by narrowing the band gap through transition-metal doping. Herein, we report another, more significant effect of doping in addition to the band gap narrowing, namely, an anomalous decrease in the structural disorder in Li<SUB>4</SUB>Ti<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>12</SUB> upon Cr<SUP>3+</SUP>-ion doping. Although it is generally recognized that doping with heterogeneous elements increases the structural disorder, the Cr<SUP>3+</SUP>-ion doping in Li<SUB>4</SUB>Ti<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>12</SUB> demonstrated an unexpected structural phenomenon. From the results of various structural analyses using a synchrotron beam, such anomalous structural changes were revealed to originate from charge redistribution at nearby Ti<SUP>4+</SUP> ions. Finally, the capacity was markedly enhanced, especially at high <I>C</I>-rates (125 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> for 10<I>C</I> charge/10<I>C</I> discharge, 145 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> for 1<I>C</I> charge/50<I>C</I> discharge) because of both the band gap narrowing and the increased ionic diffusivity due to the decreased structural disorder, but was decreased instead for too-high doping levels.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Cr doping into Li<SUB>4</SUB>Ti<SUB>5</SUB>O<SUB>12</SUB> lattice unexpectedly led to a decrease in structural disorder and eventually a drastic capacity enhancement at high <I>C</I>-rate (125 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> for 10<I>C</I> charge/10<I>C</I> discharge, 145 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> for 1<I>C</I> charge/50<I>C</I> discharge). <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2ee22734g'> </P>